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Which chemical element is primarily used in perovskite solar cells?

Close-up photo of a perovskite solar cell held by a hand wearing gloves

The chemical element primarily used as the key metal enabling high-efficiency perovskite solar cells is lead ([4][9]). Most efficient perovskite solar cells utilize metal-halide perovskites where lead acts as the main inorganic cation in the crystal structure's active layer [1][2]. While researchers explore alternative compositions to address environmental concerns, lead-based perovskite devices consistently achieve superior electronic performance and power conversion efficiencies compared to other alternatives [3].

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