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Urban tree canopies: cooling, value, biodiversity, and targets

Urban trees can cool pedestrian-level air by up to 12 °C.

Each 10% canopy increase lowers ambient air temperature by about 0.3 °C.

A 1% canopy increase within 1 km was linked to a 0.21% home price rise.

Bird diversity rises with canopy cover until about 30%, then gains become marginal.

The 3-30-300 rule uses 30% neighborhood canopy as its core benchmark.