Natural disasters significantly impact ecosystems by causing immediate destruction and long-term changes. Events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can devastate habitats, leading to species mortality and loss of biodiversity. For example, tsunamis can destroy coastal ecosystems, affecting the interdependent relationships among species like coral reefs and mangrove forests, ultimately leading to a broad loss of biodiversity [1]. 

Additionally, the recovery of ecosystems varies; fire-adapted forests can regenerate after wildfires, while others, such as rainforests, suffer irreparable harm [3]. Floods can disrupt ecosystems by reducing species diversity and abundance [4], demonstrating that the scale and type of disaster greatly influence ecological outcomes [5][6].

How do natural disasters affect ecosystems?

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