How can forest bathing reduce inflammation biomarkers in the elderly?

 title: 'Medical empirical research on forest bathing (Shinrin-yoku): a systematic review - Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine'

Forest bathing, or Shinrin-yoku, involves immersing oneself in nature through sensory experiences and has shown significant benefits in reducing inflammation biomarkers in the elderly. Studies indicate that exposure to forest environments can lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while enhancing the activity of anti-inflammatory responses and natural killer cells[2].

Additionally, forest bathing reduces stress hormones, such as cortisol, which can exacerbate inflammation[3]. For urban dwellers, spending even short periods in parks or green spaces can offer similar stress-relieving and inflammation-reducing benefits[4].