Non-invasive biosensors now split into human-validated patches and early prototypes.
A soft ultrasound patch continuously tracked central blood pressure deep under the skin.
Flexible ECG patches found atrial fibrillation in 6 of 355 monitored patients.
Graphene wearables sensed TNF-alpha in five minutes and uric acid by Bluetooth, but bending changed performance.
RF hydration sensing was pilot-only, while mid-infrared glucose is still not wearable.
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