,f V OF THE

'UNIVERSITY r\

UNIV. OF

CALIFORNIA

Photo by S. (Jr. Payne & Son, Aylesbury. CASSOWARY. The female Cassowary is larger than her mate, and her colouring is of equal brilliancy.

UNIV. OF

CALIFORNIA

THE . . LIVING ANIMALS OF THE WORLD

A POPULAR NATURAL HISTORY

AN INTERESTING DESCRIPTION OF BEASTS, BIRDS, FISHES

REPTILES, INSECTS, ETC., WITH AUTHENTIC ANECDOTES

VOL. II.

BIRDS, REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS, FISHES JOINTED ANIMALS MOLLUSCS, ETC.

W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S.

SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, F.R.S.

W. P. PYCRAFT, A.L.S., F.Z.S.

F. G. AFLALO, F.Z.S.

W. SAVILLE-KENT, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

JOHN BICKERDYKE, M.A.

THEODORE WOOD, F.E.S.

Photo by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S., Regent’s Park

WITH

643 ILLUSTRATIONS

(INCLUDING 12 COLOURED PLATES)

FROM PHOTOGRAPHS

LONDON: HUTCHINSON & CO., PATERNOSTER ROW

Photo by W. P. Danda, F,Z.S., Regent's Park

BlOLOGf

LIBRARY

LETTERPRESS PRINTED BY

HAZELL, WATSON AND VINEY, LD., LONDON AND AYLESUURY

COLOURED-PI-ATES PRINTED BY

A. C. FOWLER, MOORFIELDS, LONDON

VOL. II.

CONTENTS.

BOOK II. BIRDS.

CHAP.		PAGE
I.	THE OSTRICH AND ITS KINDRED	385
II.	THE GAME-BIRDS AND RAILS	397
III.	PIGEONS AND SAND-GROUSE	414
IV.	AUKS, GULLS, AND PLOVERS	417
V.	BUSTARDS AND CRANES	424
VI.	GREBES AND DIVERS, PENGUINS, AND TUBE-NOSED BIRDS	428
VII.	STORKS, HERONS, AND PELICAN TRIBE	435
VIII.	SCREAMERS, DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS	456
IX.	BIRDS OF PREY AND OWLS	464
X.	NIGHT-JARS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMING-BIRDS	481
XI.	PARROTS, CUCKOOS, AND PLANTAIN-EATERS	487
XII.	ROLLERS, KINGFISHERS, HORNBILLS, AND HOOPOES	498
XIII.	BEE-EATERS, MOTMOTS, TODIES, COLIES, AND TROGONS	506
XIV.	TOUCANS, HONEY-GUIDES, JACAMARS AND PUFF-BIRDS, BARBETS AND WOODPECKERS	508
XV.	PERCHING-BIRDS	514
XVI.	LARKS, TITMICE, HONEY-EATERS, AND THEIR KINDRED	526
XVII.	SHRIKES, THRUSHES AND THEIR ALLIES, SWALLOWS, LYRE-BIRDS, CHATTERERS, BROAD-BILLS, ETC.	533

BOOK III. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.

CHAP.		PAGE
I.	CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS	545
II.	TORTOISES AND TURTLES	551
III.	LIZARDS	563
IV.	CHAMÆLEONS AND TUATERA	581
V.	SNAKES	585
VI.	FROGS AND TOADS	598
VII.	NEWTS AND SALAMANDERS	605

BOOK IV. FISHES.

CHAP.		PAGE
I.	LUNG-FISHES AND CHIMÆRAS	609
II.	THE PERCH FAMILY	612
III.	SCALY-FINS, RED MULLETS, SEA-BREAMS, SCORPION-FISHES, SLIME-HEADS, TASSEL-FISH, MEAGRES, AND SWORD-FISHES	613
IV.	HAIR-TAILS, HORSE-MACKERELS, SEA-BATS, DORIES, MACKERELS, SUCKING-FISHES, WEAVERS, FROG-FISHES, ANGLER-FISHES, BULL-HEADS, AND GURNARDS	620
V.	LUMP-SUCKERS, GOBIES, BLENNIES, BARRACUDAS, GREY MULLETS, STICKLEBACKS AND THEIR ALLIES, GARPIKE, AND FLYING-FISHES	628
VI.	THE WRASSE-LIKE FISHES	633
VII.	PIPE-FISHES, SEA-HORSES, GLOBE-FISHES, SUN-FISHES, AND THEIR ALLIES	636
VIII.	THE COD FAMILY	641
IX.	CAVE-FISHES, SAND-EELS AND THEIR ALLIES, AND FLAT-FISHES	643
X.	EELS AND CAT-FISHES	646
XI.	THE CARP FAMILY	650
XII.	PIKES, ARAPAIMAS, BEAKED SALMON, AND SCOPELIDS	652
XIII.	THE SALMON FAMILY	655
XIV.	THE HERRING AND ITS KINDRED	658
XV.	BONY PIKE, BOW-FIN, STURGEON, REED-FISH, AND BICHIR	662
XVI.	SHARKS AND RAYS	664

BOOK V. JOINTED ANIMALS.

CHAP.		PAGE
I.	THE CRAB AND SCORPION GROUPS	670
II.	INSECTS	681

BOOK VI. SHELL-FISH, LAMP-SHELLS, SEA-URCHINS, STAR-FISHES, MOSS-ANIMALS, WORMS, CORALS, JELLY-FISH, AND SPONGES.

CHAP.		PAGE
I.	SHELL-FISH, OR MOLLUSCS	737
II.	LAMP-SHELLS	744
III.	STAR-FISHES, SEA-URCHINS, ETC.	746
IV.	MOSS-ANIMALS	753
V.	WORMS	754
VI.	CORALS, SEA-ANEMONES, AND JELLY-FISHES	758
VII.	SPONGES AND ANIMALCULES	764

COLOURED PLATES.

	Facing page
Cassowary	385
Crowned Crane	417
Australian Cockatoo—Macaw—Male Ruff in full breeding-plumage—Laughing-jackass	449
Hoopoe flying	481
Waxbills—Indigo Finches	513
Green and Ocellated Lizards	545
The West African Python	577
Western Australian Scarlet Rock-cod—Freemantle Devil-fish, or Armed Gurnard	609
A Salmon leaping	641
Goliath Beetle—Brazilian Bee—Grasshopper—Candle-fly—Australian Robber-fly—Japanese Analophus	673
Crœsus Butterfly of Batchian	705
Portion of Inshore Coral Reef at Thursday Island, Torres Straits	737

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

	PAGE
Rufous Tinamou, Brazil	385
Rhea and young	385
Rhea and young ones	386
Rhea lying down	386
Rheas in Tring Park	387
White Rheas	388
Ostrich standing beside her eggs	389
Ostriches ten days old	390
An Ostrich Family	391
A group of Cock Ostriches	392
Sclater’s Cassowary	393
Nest and eggs of Emeu	394
Young Emeus five days old	394
Young Emeus	395
Emeu	395
Mantell’s Kiwi	396
Owen’s Kiwi	396
Red Grouse	397
Ptarmigan	398
Capercallie	398
Common Partridge	398
Texan Bob-white	399
Golden Pheasant	400, 401
Silver Pheasant	401
English Pheasants	401
Reeves’s Pheasant	401
Amherst’s Pheasant	401
Peacock-pheasant	401
Temminck’s Tragopan	402
Chinese Tragopan	402
Himalayan Monal	403
Red Cochins	404
Brown Leghorn Cock	404
Silver-spangled Hamburgs	405
Dark Bramas	405
Silver Wyandotte Hen with Pheasant Chicks	406
Peacock	407
Back view of Peacock	407
Black-chested Crested Guinea-fowl	408
Nest of Brush-turkey at Woburn Abbey	409
Turkey Cock and Hen	409
Wallace’s Painted Megapode	410
Razor-billed Curassow	411
Crested Curassow	411
Hoatzin	412
Weka-rail	413
Water-rail	413
A pair of young Pigeons in nest	414
Southern Fruit-pigeon	415
Nicobar Imperial Fruit-pigeons	415
New Guinea Crowned Pigeon	415
Wonga-wonga Pigeon	415
Male Black-bellied Sand-grouse	416
White Tern	417
Terns on a shingle bank	418
Herring-gull	419
Young Herring-gulls in the grey phase of plumage	419
Stone-curlew, or Thick-knee	420
Curlew	420
Woodcock	421
Oyster-catcher on its nest	421
Denham’s Bustard	422
Great Bustards	422
Indian Bustards	423
Stanley Crane	424
Common Crane	425, 426
Manchurian Crane	426
Wattled Crane	426
Seriema	427
White-backed Trumpeters	427
Great Crested Grebe	428
Black-throated Divers	428
Rock-hopper Penguin	429
Black-footed Penguin	430
Black-footed Penguins bathing	431
King-penguin	432
Nesting Albatrosses	433
White-capped Albatross	434
Carting Albatross eggs	434
Fulmar Petrel	435
Whale-headed Stork	436
White Storks	437
Adjutant-stork	438
Jabiru Stork	438
Flamingoes	439, 440
European Flamingoes	440
Spoonbill	441
Sacred Ibis	441
Young Herons fourteen days old in nest	442
Great Blue Heron	443
Common Night-heron	444
Young Common Herons	444
Green Heron	445
Buff-backed Heron	446
Indian Cattle-egret	447
Common Bittern	448
Egyptian Pelican	449
Crested Pelican	450
Young Australian Pelican	451
Young Pelicans	451
Cormorant	452
Frigate-birds at home	453
Young Gannets, first year	454
Gannet, second year	454
Gannet, full plumage	454
Gannets on the Bass Rock	455
Crested Screamer, or Chaka	456
Aylesbury Duck	457
Pochard	457
Eider-duck	458
Sheldrake	458
Paradise-ducks	459
Cape Barren Goose	460
Australian Pygmy Goose	461
Black-necked Swan	461
Trumpeter- and Whooper-swans	462
Australian Black Swans and Cygnets	463
Condor	464
King-vulture	465
Black Vultures	465
Californian Vulture	466
Secretary-bird	467
Egyptian Kite	468
Australian Osprey	469
Bearded Vulture	470
Griffon-vulture	471
Rüppell’s Vulture	471
Angolan Vulture	472
Pondicherry Vulture	472
Egyptian Vulture	473
Wedge-tailed Eagle	473
American Sparrow-hawk	474
Vociferous Sea-eagle	475
Imperial Eagle	475
Crested Eagle	475
Chilian Sea-eagle	475
Rough-legged Buzzard	476
Martial Hawk-eagle	476
Peregrine Falcon	477
Spectacled Owl	477
Eagle-owl	478
Virginian Eagle-owl	478
American Long-eared Owl	479
Tawny Owl	479
Screech-owl	480
Barn-owl	485
Common Night-jar	481
Pennant-winged Night-jar	481

689240

Illustrations in the Text, Vol. II.

	PAGE
More-porks	482, 483
Swift	484
Edible Swift	485
Ruby-throated Humming-birds	486
Kea	487
New Zealand Kea	488
New Zealand Kaka	489
Black Cockatoo	490
Cockatoo	490
Leadbeater’s Cockatoo	491
Macaw	492
Blue Mountain-parrots	493
Young Cuckoo ejecting egg	494
Pheasant-cuckoo	495
Cuckoo one day old in Hedge-sparrow’s nest	496
Young Cuckoo	497
Young Cuckoo in Reed-warbler’s nest	498
Australian Laughing-kingfisher	499
Kingfishers at home	500
Laughing-kingfishers	501
Kingfisher	502
Laughing-jackass	503
Crested Hornbill	504
Concave-casqued Hornbill, India	505
Ground-hornbill	505
Hoopoe	506
Bee-eater	507
Racket-tailed Motmot	508
Trogon	509
Curl-crested Toucan	510
Honey-guide	511
A family of Greater Spotted Woodpeckers	511
Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers	512
American Crow	513
Jackdaws	514
Young American Blue Jay	515
A pair of Magpies	516
Cornish Chough	517
King Bird of Paradise	517
Queensland Rifle-bird	518
Red Bird of Paradise	518
Young Starlings	519
Common Starling	520
Meadow-lark (natural size)	521
Hawfinch	522
Young Chaffinches	523
House-sparrows	523
Bullfinch	524
Greenfinch	525
Linnet	526
Skylarks	527
Young Skylarks	528
Nuthatch	529
Marsh-tit	530
Great Tit	531
Coal-tits	532
Red-backed Shrikes	533
Australian Magpie	533
Reed-warbler	534
Song-thrush	535
Young Thrush	536
Blackbird	536
Robin	537
Nightingale	537
Stone-chat	538
A pair of Wrens	539
Common Wrens	539
Young Swallows	540
Sand-martins	541
Victorian Lyre-bird	542
Tail of Australian Lyre-bird	542
Bell-bird	543
Cock-of-the-walk	544
Young Nile Crocodile	545
Young Broad-snouted Crocodile	546
A dead Crocodile	546
A Crocodile	547
A Queensland Crocodile	548
Crocodile, well illustrating the character of the dentition	549
Crocodiles and Alligators, with young	550
A Crocodile from Southern United States	550
Mississippi and Chinese Alligators	551
Asiatic Tortoises	552
European Tortoise	552
Elephant-tortoises from the Galapagos Islands	553
Elephant-tortoise	554
Giant or Elephant-tortoises from the Galapagos Islands	555
Giant Tortoise	556
A Giant Tortoise with a European Tortoise on its back	557
Elephant-tortoise	558
Snapping-turtle	559
Temminck’s Snapper	560
Newly hatched Turtles enjoying their first swim	561
Cuban Terrapins	562
Blind-worm	563
Glass-snake, or Scheltopusik	563
Burmese Geckos	564
Madeiran Geckos	565
Flying-dragon of Java	566
Frilled Lizard at bay with expanded frill	567
Frilled Lizard with frill folded up	567
Frilled Lizard running on its hind legs (2 views)	567
Australian Tree-lizard	568
Australian Water-lizard	569
Australian Jew or Bearded Lizards	570
Bearded Lizard	570
A young Bearded Lizard	570
Australian York or Mountain-devil	571
Spinous Lizard, or Mountain-devil	571
A group of Mountain-devils of Central Australia	572
Horned Toad	572, 573
Tuberculated Iguana	574
Small Viviparous Lizard	574
Wall-lizard	574
Banded Iguanas	575
South African Girdled Lizard	575
Arizona Heloderm (Poisonous Lizard)	576
White Monitor	576
Green Lizard	577
Ocellated Lizards at home	577
Röntgen ray photograph of Ocellated Lizard	578
Common Skink	579
Australian Stump-tailed Lizards	579
Blue-tongued Lizards	580
Spine-tailed Lizards, Western Australia	580
Chameleons asleep	581
A Chameleon in a rage	581
Common Chameleon of South Europe and North Africa	582
A Chameleon shooting out its tongue to capture a fly	583
A photograph of a Chameleon in the act of catching a butterfly	583
Tuatera of New Zealand	584
A tame Tuatera	584
Dark Green Snake	585, 586
A small Boa-constrictor seizing and devouring a rat	587
Boa-constrictor ready to strike	588
Carpet-snake	589
Æsculapian Snake	589
A group of Garter-snakes	590
Leopard-snake	591
Tesselated Snake	591
Pine-snake	592
Cobra (back view)	593
Queensland Sea-snake	593
English Viper	594
African Puff-adder	595
Diamond-back Rattle-snake	595
Rattle-snake	596
Fer-de-lance Snake	597
Bull-frog	598
American Bull-frog	598
Edible Frog	599
Tiger-like Frog	599
Röntgen ray photograph of Common Frog	600
Ornamented Horned Toad	601
European Green Tree-frog	602
Queensland Tree-frogs	603
Common Toad	603, 604
Common or Smooth Newt	605
Smooth Newt	606
Spotted Salamanders	607
Yellow phase of Spotted Salamanders	608
Australian Lung-fish	609
Bottle-nosed Chimæra	610
White Perch	611
Sea-bass	611
Large-mouthed Black Bass	612
Butter-fish	612
American “Sun-fish”	613
The miscalled Archer-fish	614
Striped Red Mullet	614
Brown Snapper	615
Red Sea-bream	615
Snapper	616
King-snapper	616
Australian Groper	617
Indian Weaver-fish	618
Ragged Sea-scorpion	618
Stone-fish	619
Tassel-fish	619
Sword-fish	620
Snoek	620
Fringed Horse-mackerel	621
Horse-mackerel	621
John Dories	622, 624
Long-finned Dory	623
Sucking-fish	625
Larger Weaver	625
Angler-fish	626
Butterfly-gurnard	627
Reel-gurnard	627
Bar-tailed Flat-head	628
Rock Flat-head	628
Lump-sucker	629
Blenny	630
Northern Mullet	631
Red Mullet	631
Garpikes	632
Pipe-fish	632
Flying-fish	633
Spotted Wrasse	634
Satin Parrot-fish	634
Black-spotted Parrot-fish	635
A Wrasse	635
Globe-fish	636
Black-spotted Globe-fish	637
Trigger-fish	637
Coffer-fishes	638
Lace-finned Leather-jacket	639
Spotted Box- or Trunk-fish	639
Sea-horses	640
Whiting	641
Pollack-whiting	642
Spotted Sole	643
Halibut	644
Brill	645
Eels	646
Conger-eel	647
Cat-fish	648
Painted Eels from Bermuda	649
Cat-fishes	649
Carp	650
Gold-fish	651
Pike	652
Pikerel	653
“Sergeant Baker”	653
Beaked Salmon	654
Queensland Smelt	655
Salmon-trout	656
American Salmon-trout from Diamond Lake, New Zealand	657
Smelt	658
Ox-eyed Herring	659
Queensland Lung-fish	660
Australian Pilchards	661
Bony Pike	662
Sturgeon	663
Sterlet	663
Bicher	663, 664
Wollibong, or Carpet-shark	665
Spotted Shark	665
Basking-shark	666
Ocellated Dog-fish	667
Indian Sting-ray	667
Horned Ox-ray, or Devil-fish	668
Whip-tailed Sting-ray	668
Shovel-nosed Skate	669
Painted Skate	669
Barnacles	670
A pair of Barnacles	670
Acorn-barnacle	671
Wood-louse	671
Shrimp	672
Fresh-water Crab	672
Spider-crab	673
Blue Crab	673
Fighting Crabs	674
Egyptian Scorpion	675
Tree Trap-door Spider of Brazil	676
House-spider	676
Garden-spider in web	677
Spanish Tarantula	678
Giant Centipede	679
Giant Millipede	680
Tiger-beetle	681
Ground-beetle	682
Great Brown Water-beetle (male)	682
Black Water-beetle	682
Two Burying-beetles	683
Male Stag-beetle	684
Skipjack Beetle	684
Hercules Beetle flying	684
Cockchafer on daisy	685
Harlequin Beetle	686
Jumping-beetle, allied to the Turnip-flea	686
Reed-beetle	687
Musk-beetle	688
Earwig	689
American Cockroach	689
Stick-insect	690
Walking Leaf-insects	690
House-cricket	691
Mole-cricket	691
Long-horned Grasshopper	692
Cape Grasshopper (female)	692
Egyptian Locust	693
Wart-eating Grasshopper (two views)	694
Dragon-fly	695
Queen Termite	696
Termites	696
Termite’s nests in Queensland	697
Termites at work	698
Termites’ nest	699
Scorpion-fly	699
Adult form of Ant-lion	700
Large Caddis-fly	701
Saw-fly	702
Marble Gall-fly and gall	702
Tree-wasp	703
Tree-wasp’s nest	703
Pine-boring Wasp (female)	704
Pine-boring Wasp (male)	704
Ichneumon-fly	705
Ruby-tailed Fly	705
Wood-ant	705
Solitary Ant (male and female)	706
Hornet	706
Hive-bee (queen, worker, and drone)	707
Bumble-bee on everlasting-pea	707
Bees	708
Leaf-butterfly	709
South American Long-winged Butterflies	710
Diana Fritillary	710
Queen of Spain Fritillary	710
Tawny Admiral	711
Caterpillar of Tawny Admiral	711
Blue Butterfly	712
Blue Morpho Butterfly and Humming-bird	712
Large Blue Butterfly	713
Mazarine Blue Butterfly	713
Long-tailed Blue Butterfly	713
Bloxworth Blue Butterfly	713
Large Copper Butterfly	714
Dusky Copper Butterfly	714
New Guinea Golden Butterfly	715
Australian Butterflies	715
Bath White Butterfly	716
Green-veined White Butterfly	716
Black-veined White Butterfly	716
Orange-tip	717
Large Grizzled Skipper Butterfly	717
Swallow-tailed Butterfly	717
Elephant Hawk-moths	718
Luna Moths	718
Polyphemus Moth	719
Cecropia Moth	719
Imperial Moth	719
Cocoons of Cypress-moth	720
Cypress-moths at rest	720
Cypress-moths	721
Cypress-caterpillars	721
Death’s-head Moth	722
Day-flying Moth of Madagascar	722
Convolvulus Hawk-moth	722
Great Peacock-moth	723
Polyphemus Moth	723
White Plume-moth	724
Indian Swallow-tailed Moth	724
Shield-bug	725
Juniper-bug	725
Lace-wing Bug	725
Masked Bug	726
Great Water-bug	727
Indian Candle-fly	728
Aphis	729
Scale-insects	729
Cicada and Pupæ	730
Brown Mosquito	730
Hornet Robber-fly	731
Daddy-long-legs	731
Hover-fly	732
Rat-tailed Larva	732
House-fly (male and female)	733
Blue-bottle Fly, or Blow-fly	733, 734
Tsetse-fly	735
Bee-fly	736
An Octopus crouching in a rock-pool	737
An Octopus on its back at bay, left high and dry by the retreating tide	737
Octopods	738
A Tasmanian Squid, or Cuttle-fish	738
Shell of the Pearly Nautilus	739
Shell of the Argonaut, or Paper-nautilus	740
Limpets, Whelks, and Barnacles	741
Shell Beach, Abrolhos Islands	741
Great Clam-shell on coral-reef	741
Giant Clam-shells on the Great Barrier Reef, as exposed at extreme low tide	741
Highly magnified tongue of a Sea-snail	742
A Scorpion-shell	743
Rock-oysters	743
A Queensland Oyster-bank	744
Southern Cross Pearl, valued at £10,000	745
Pearl-shell with group of Golden Pearls	745
Queensland Pearls on Black-lipped Pearl-shell	745
Pearl produced by operation on the animal	745
Common or Short-spined Sea-urchin	746
Long-spined Sea-urchins	747
Thick-spined Sea-urchin	748
Star-fish in water	749
Star-fish, out of water, turning over	749
A young Brittle Star-fish (much magnified)	750
A branching-armed Brittle-star	751
Sea-cucumbers, some with extended tentacles	751
Sea-cucumber, or Bêche-de-mer	752
Prickly Sea-cucumber	752
Black Sea-cucumber	753
Moss-animals	754
Tube-worms	755
Sea-worms, or Nereids	756
Sea-mice	756
Portion of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia	757
A Mushroom-coral fully expanded	758
Mushroom-corals, with the anemone-like polyp expanded	758
Part of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia	759
Portion of a Stag’s-horn Coral	760
A clump of Stag’s-horn Coral	760
Bleached Corals from the Great Barrier Reef	761
A Queensland Star-coral	762
A giant Anemone from the Great Barrier Reef	763
A giant Sea-anemone	763
Frilled Sponge	764
Reticulated Sponge	764
Portuguese Bird’s-nest Sponge	765
Chalina Sponge	765
Cup-sponges	766
Shells of Forams highly magnified	767
Noctilucas	767
Polycysts	768

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