!selling them at the rate of a halfpenny a bushel

The salt-water species, or FIFTEEN-SPINE D STICKLEBACK, is less well known. Like its fresh-water relative, it is a nest-builder, and the male defends the eggs and young with great courage. last family of this group. They The TORTOISE-FISHES may serve as the representatives of the are very remarkable fishes, being invested in a wonderful bony cuirass, formed by a modification isof the skeleton, similar to what has taken place among the Tortoises and Turtles. The body so thin that it looks as if it had been artificially compressed, and is semi-transparent. Three species are known from the tropical Indo-Pacific and three from other seas; besides these are four smaller and less perfectly armed forms, one of which, the TRUMPET-FISH, or BELLOWS-FISH, occurs rarely off the south coast of England.

The GARPIKE and FLYING-FISHES are both interesting, especially the latter. The garpike is represented by several species, easily recognised by the long, pointed jaws. These fishes are furthermore peculiar in that the bones are green, a colour which remains even after cooking, and on this account some object to eating them, supposing the unusual colour to indicate unsoundness. The elongated jaws are not developed in the young fish, and, strangely enough, as this character is acquired, the lower jaw grows faster than the upper. In some species the lower jaw remains permanently the longer; hence they are known as HALF-BEAKS. Photo by W. Samlle-Kent, F.Z.S.] [Milford-on-Sea. The FLYING-FISHES, Or PIPE-FISH. FLYING-HERRINGS, like the The Flute-mouth, as this fish is often called, is really a gigantic stickleback. Flying-gum arils already

Flying'fishes 633

noticed, are enabled, by reason of the great development of the breast-fins, to take extended journeys through the air. The flight of these fishes is, however, not quite the same as true flight, inasmuch as the fins serve mainly as a parachute, and do not, by sustained vigorous movements, propel the body through the air, like the wings of bats and birds. Darting out of the water when pursued by an enemy or frightened by a passing vessel, these fish are borne along by the wind, the speed at first being very considerable, exceeding indeed that of a ship going ten miles an hour. At a single flight they may Photo by A. S Rudland d; Sons. FLYING-FISH.cover as much as 500 feet, but are More than forty distinct species of this family are known. quite unable to steer themselves, except when, during their course, the tail-fin is immersed in the water, when by a stroke left to right, or vice versa,from one side to the other the direction may be changed from as the case may be. By day they will avoid ships, but by night, when they are unable to see, "they frequently fly," writes Dr. Griinther, "against the weather-board, where they are caught by the current of air and carried upwards to a height of 20 feet above the surface of the water, while under ordinary circumstances they keep close to it."

CHAPTER VI.

THE WRASSE-LIKE FISHES.

BY W. P. PYCRAFT, A.L.S. F.Z.S.

members of the four families noticed in this chapter are remarkable for their wonderful coloration. The species of the first family, from their peculiarly striking resemblance to the Scaly-finned group, share with them the name of CORAL-FISHES. This resemblance is a very remarkable one. Occurring, like the Scaly-fins, more abundantly in the neighbourhood of coral-reefs, they also resemble the latter not only in shape, but also in coloration, the same pattern being often common to members of both families.

To this family belongs the remarkable fish known as the AMPHIPRION, which makes its home in the interior of an enormous species of sea-anemone measuring 2 feet across. When first discovered by Mr. Saville-Kent, it was believed that the fish had been swallowed a view, however, which was speedily rejected, when it was found that, if ejected by means of a stick, it invariably returned. Thus the anemone is obviously to be regarded as host, and not as captor. More than this, from the facts so far to hand, it appears that this strangely assorted pair are mutually dependent on one another, at least to a large extent the fish undertaking to supply the larder, whilst the anemone in return affords shelter from enemies. The part : The fish, which is very conspicuous, wearing a livery ofplayed by each is as follows vermilion crossed by three bands of white, sallies forth and swims about till it attracts the attention of some other carnivorous member of its class, on which, if it gives chase, the its mouth.amphiprion returns with all speed to its living cave, and quickly disappears down The pursuer, blundering against the outspread tentacles, is immediately paralysed by a shower 80

of the World634 The Living Animals

of stinging-darts which proceed therefrom as a result of the shock, and, rendered insensible, becomes the spoil of both. Thus the active fish plays the part of a lure, and in return is afforded shelter. The WRASSES proper may be distinguished, amongst other things, by their thickened lips hence the name Lip-fishes given them by German Photo ly Reinhold Thiele & Co.] [Chancery Lane, W.C. naturalists by the greatly ex- SPOTTED WRASSE. tended back-fin, the greater

On account of their greatly thickened lips wrasses are also known as Lip-fishes. part of which is spinous, and the arrangement of the teeth, which need not be discussed here. They are shore-fishes, living in the neighbourhood of weed-covered rocks, or in tropical seas, where they are most abundant, amid coral-reefs. Most are brilliantly, many gaudily coloured, iridescent hues frequently adding to the beauty formed size,by the permanent deposit of coloured pigments in the scales. Some grow to a large specimens not seldom exceeding a weight of 50 Ibs., and these are the most esteemed as food-fishes, the smaller species, as a rule, being regarded as of inferior quality.

A well-known British species is the STRIPED or RED WRASSE, the sexes of which exhibit a remarkable variation in colour, the male having the body marked with blue streaks or a blackish band, whilst the female has two or three large black blotches across the tail. A second British species, the BALLAN WRASSE, is bluish green in colour, with the scales and fin-rays reddish orange. It may be found hiding in the deep gullies among rocks, sheltering in the dense clusters of seaweed, and feeding on crabs and shrimps. It takes a bait freely, and fishermen have remarked that at first they catch few but large fish; some days later a all will be of small size, indicating that the larger fishgreat number may be caught, but assume the dominion of a district and keep the smaller at bay.

Amongst the most brilliantly coloured of the wrasses are the PARROT-FISH. Mr. Saville- Kent, writing of the species which inhabit the waters of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, remarks that to stand up to your knees or higher in water, with such a shoal of magnificent fishes swimming round you, is an experience well worth a journey to the tropics. The coloration of these fishes, which is extremely transient, fading almost immediately after death, nearly defies description. One of the most beautiful is perhaps

the GOLD-FINNED CORAL-FISH,

in which the body is of an intense ultramarine, whilst the fins are bright golden. Others have the most amazing combinations of green, vermilion, blue, and yellow, in endless variety. It was one of the parrot-fishes which found such favour with the ancients. "In the time of Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.] [Milford-on-Sca. Pliny," writes Dr. Giinther, SATIN PARROT-FISH. "it was considered to be the are so called on accountThe Parrot-fishes, or Parrot-wrasses, structure of the teeth of the peculiar first of fishes.. and the in the front of the which beak. jaws, form a sharp-edged

The Wrasse'like Fishes 635

expense incurred by Elipentius was justified, in the opinion of the Eoman gourmands, by the extreme delicacy of the flesh. It was a fish, said the poet, whose very excrement the gods themselves were unwilling to reject. Its flesh was tender, agreeable, sweet, easy of digestion, and quickly assimilated; yet, if it happened to have eaten an aplysia, it produced violent diarrhoea." Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.] To this day the Greeks hold BLACK-SPOTTED PAEKOT-FISH. is of great delicacy.it in high regard, and eat it The flesh of some of the Parrot-wrasses with sauce made of its liver and intestines. It feeds on seaweed, and from its habit of thoroughly chewing its food, and moving it backwards and forwards in the mouth, it was at one time believed that this fish

!chewed the cud after the fashion of the ruminating mammals

One of the most interesting of all the wrasses is a small species from King George's Sound, which, while retaining the principal characters common to the group, has assumed the general shape and proportions of the pipe-fish.

The third family of the wrasses are remarkable chiefly on account of the fact that they produce their young alive. These fishes are confined to the temperate regions of the North Pacific.

The CHROMIDS constitute the last family of the wrasse-like group. Numerous in species, they are all dwellers in fresh-water. One species occurs in amazing numbers in the Lake of Galilee, shoals over an acre in extent, and so closely packed that movement seemed almost impossible, having been recorded. They are taken in such enormous numbers that the nets in which they are caught often break. Occasionally shoals are carried down the Jordan into the Dead Sea; but the fish never get farther than a few yards, becoming stupefied almost at once, and, turning over on their backs, fall an easy prey to flocks of cormorants and kingfishers. Heaps of putrefying carcases are washed ashore, poisoning the atmosphere, in spite of the presence of flocks of ravens and vultures which have gathered to the feast.

Another species is remarkable for its peculiar method of protecting the eggs and young. The female deposits the eggs, over 200 in number, in a small hole worked out among the roots of reeds and rushes. There they are taken into the mouth of the male one by one, and retained till hatched a few days later. The young fry remain in this nursery for some considerable time, increasing rapidly in size, so that the father-nurse is unable to close his mouth. Some of the young develop among the gills; others lie, closely packed, with their heads turned towards the mouth of the parent, remaining in this position till nearly 4 inches Photo ly H. V. letkmann] [New York. long, when they are ejected A WRASSE. or wriggle out to forage for themselves. The majority of the Wrasses are brilliantly coloured.

Page 57 of 92