Blockchain records face significant quantum security threats primarily because Shor's algorithm can break elliptic curve digital signature algorithms like ECDSA used to authorize transactions. However, hashing functions and symmetric encryption are expected to remain secure. To achieve quantum resistance, proposed upgrades involve migrating to post-quantum cryptography standards⁽⁶⁾, such as lattice-based cryptography, hash-based signatures, and quantum-resistant zero-knowledge systems⁽⁴⁾. Lattice-based blind signatures built on the module learning with errors problem can ensure secure and anonymous data transmission⁽¹⁾. Despite these options, upgrading brings notable hurdles. Candidate post-quantum algorithms carry significant performance and size penalties compared to current methods; for instance, replacing ECDSA with CRYSTALS-Dilithium would dramatically increase transaction sizes, potentially reducing throughput by 80 to 90 percent without structural adjustments. Additional challenges include managing state requirements for certain algorithms like XMSS in transaction signatures⁽²⁾, navigating address migrations for exposed public keys, and achieving consensus across decentralized blockchain governance models for necessary protocol upgrades.

Which protocol secures website connections with public-key cryptography?. Looks for the well-known HTTPS transport layer protocol name.

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