Can feedback shape neuron behavior?

Yes, real-time feedback can modify the behavior of neurons^[3]. Specifically, adding unpredictable sensory input after an 'undesirable' outcome and predictable input after a 'desirable' one significantly shapes the behavior of neural cultures in real-time^[3]. Also, feedback is required to form a closed-loop learning system^[3].

When cultures were provided structured sensory input, there was near-critical dynamics exhibited, suggesting a network-wide coordination of activity^[2]. The free-energy principle says these systems seek to reduce uncertainty or minimize surprising information from the environment^[1]. Neural cells appeared to self-organize their activity, which supports the idea that it is at least one driver behind intelligent behavior^[1].