Inventory and restoration works for registering and protecting our cultural heritage inside and outside our country continues. In this framework, an action plan was prepared under the coordination of TIKA to undertake more coordinated activities to protect our cultural heritage outside our country and the amount of assistance provided with this aim increased substantially. With the Turkish National Immovable Cultural Heritage Inventory System Project implemented between 2011-2020, an archival index is being created to identify all registered immovable cultural assets on the basis of area size as monuments and protected areas, amount, provinces and districts. There is a comprehensive legislation that defines movable, immovable cultural and natural assets, protection measures of cultural and natural heritage, regulates actions and activities to be undertaken, identifies necessary principles and practical decisions. Cultural and natural heritage is protected through creation and supervision of land development plans as well as plans, research, control and supervision on special environmental protection areas where special natural and cultural assets are located. NEXT STEPS: The following policies will be implemented in the upcoming years to achieve SDG 11: • Identifying housing inventory, developing a supply/demand- oriented housing data structure, • Ensuring that cities, settlements, public areas and services are inclusive safe, resilient and sustainable for all, and devising plans by considering the needs of vulnerable segments, • Enhancing the access of women, children, elderly, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable segments to public areas and services, • Undertaking urban regeneration projects by taking into account sustainability, inclusiveness and social impact, • Developing monitoring, evaluation and supervision activities together with inclusive and effective spatial planning processes, • Preparing urban transport and urban mobility plans that prioritise passenger and public transportation in integration with land development plans, • Selecting and implementing smart city projects considering nationally prioritised areas, capabilities and feasibility, broadening the scope of intelligent transportation services, • Increasing transportation diversity where integration is achieved among modes in the context of safe and affordable transport, • Enhancing quality standards of private service providers in urban transportation (taxi, public minibus, private bus) and ensuring their effective supervision, • Updating traffic signs for persons with hearing, visual and intellectual disabilities to make transportation accessible especially for vulnerable populations and adopting international standards in traffic signalisation, • Basing the land development planning, implementation and urbanisation processes upon disaster risk factors, • Implementing urban regeneration projects using building information modelling and considering sustainability, inclusiveness and social impact, • Clarifying the processes in the legislation on restoration and registered structures concerning historical and natural values and protection of cultural heritage and reducing time loss. 105 TURKEY’s 2nd VNR 2019 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS “Strong Ground towards Common Goals”
5.12. SDG 12. ENSURE SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION PATTERNS Considering the limited resources of our world, it is clear that continuation of today’s production and consumption patterns is not possible. Therefore, all the actors in the supply chain starting from the producer up to the final consumer in all sectors, particularly in food, need to adopt sustainable production and consumption patterns. POLICIES In addition to NDPs and strategic plans of relevant public institutions, key policy documents on SDG 12 include the National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan, EU Integrated Environmental Adaptation Strategy (2007-2023), Turkey Climate Response Strategy (2010-2023), Turkey Industry Strategy (2015-2018), Productivity Strategy and Action Plan (2015-2018), National Clean Production/Eco-Efficiency Programme (2014-2017), Turkey Tourism Strategy 2023, National Waste Management and Action Plan (2016-2023), National Recycling Strategy and Action Plan (2014-2017), Turkey Automotive Sector Strategy and Action Plan (2016- 2019), Turkey Cooperativism Strategy and Action Plan (2012- 2016). The key components of the policy framework in line with SDG 12 are as follows: • Encouraging sustainable use of natural resources, • Developing an effective environmental management system, • Making measurement, monitoring and evaluation related to environment systematic, • Making arrangements to review compliance of practices in investment and operation phases with the EIA Report, • Developing R&D and innovation capacity for cleaner production, • Expanding cleaner production/eco-efficiency practices, • Determining clean production potential and performing clean production and life cycle analysis in pilot sectors, • Raising the awareness level of enterprises and developing human resources and capacity on clean production/eco- efficiency in Turkey, • Raising environmental conscience and public awareness, • Ensuring food security, reducing losses in efficient stock management, production, marketing and consumption chain by considering stability in product markets, • For the disposal of domestic waste, ensuring that the waste which cannot be utilised beneficially through pre-processing plants be disposed by regular landfilling method, • Raising awareness of households for reducing the amount of waste produced in the solid waste generation and for sorting at source, • Adding substances with recovery value in solid wastes in the economy, • Making practices on collection, transportation, disposal and inspection of hazardous wastes in safe conditions effective, • Developing coordination and cooperation between central and local administrations and the private sector on the collection, transportation and disposal of special waste, • Closing and rehabilitating old garbage dump sites, • Developing an effective controlling system by recording waste generation, • Preferring environmentally friendly products in public procurement to support sustainable production and consumption, • Developing sustainable tourism practices under environmentally conscious and responsible tourism approach. LEGISLATION National legislation in accordance with the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, as well as international agreements to which Turkey is a signatory in the field of environmental protection were also aligned to these targets. To ensure sustainable management of natural resources such as prevention of soil and water pollution, control of industrial pollution, management of waste and chemicals are integrated in our legislation. 106 TURKEY’s 2nd VNR 2019 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS “Strong Ground towards Common Goals”
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS AND IMPROVEMENT AREAS SDG 12 is assessed on two focus areas: i. Sustainable management of resources and waste; ii. Sustainability reporting; and iii. Sustainable tourism. Sustainable management of resources and environmentally friendly waste management practices are integrated into decision-making and policy-making processes and action plans for sustainable management of natural resources. Practices were developed and initiated to increase industrial resource efficiency. Domestic material consumption per GDP, which was 0.62 EUR per kg in 2004, receded to 0.49 EUR in 2010 through the regulations that encouraged material consumption savings. Productivity Strategy and Action Plan (2015-2018) aimed the transition to high value-added, high-tech production- based industry structure, sustainable production, especially the provision of resource (raw material) efficiency and implementation of clean production (eco-efficiency) approaches in the production process. Under the heading of “Sustainable Production” on the basis of “efficiency-based structural transformation of the industry”, the target of “Promotion of Technologies and Applications in the Process of Transformation into Sustainable Production Infrastructure in the Industry” is included. Turkey’s Industry Strategy which contains important policies under this target were determined in a way that encourages domestic, innovative and green production. Particular emphasis is given for sustainable and industrial processes operating with resources and energy efficiency. Various projects were implemented on sustainable water, energy, chemical use, reuse, pollution prevention in production processes. HEAT-PIPE: HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN AND SYSTEM FOR HEAT RECOVERY FROM TUNNEL FURNACES SDG Targets 12.2 – 7.3 Executing Entity Eczacıbaşı Yapı Gereçleri [Eczacıbaşı Building Materials] Start & End Dates 2017 - Ongoing The project aims to save energy by recovering the waste energy of 750 kWh capacity from the combustion shafts at the building materials plant operating in the ceramics sector, which is an energy intensive sector, using the recovered energy in the boiler room. The capacities and types of furnace fans, characteristics and capacities of hot water recirculation pumps, inverter-controlled fans, layout, heat exchanger performance and pressure losses etc. were monitored using error-impact analysis, and heat-pipe exchangers were designed with longer life span and higher performance than conventional heat exchangers. The project resulted in natural gas savings of 576,000 m3 annually per plant, corresponding to 1,225 tonnes of carbon emission reduction. The project demonstrated that energy saving in ceramics furnaces could be economical. Specially designed heat-pipe exchangers may enable long-life, efficient designs. In the framework of National Clean Production/Eco-Efficiency Programme, resource efficiency, reducing the environmental impacts emerging during the life cycle of products, reuse/ recycling/recovery of wastes, developing and expanding clean production technologies improvements were accomplished. “Developing Green Organised Industrial Zone (OIZ) Framework for Turkey” outlines Turkey’s green roadmap for OIZs. Once the proposed changes are introduced in 4 OIZs it would result in 1.5 million MWh of energy and 11.6 million cubic meters of water saving per year, 71,000 tons of solid/hazardous waste reduction and 14,000 tons of chemical consumption reduction through total investment of approximately 350 million USD; a total of 100 million USD economic value can be generated annually. Industrial Symbiosis (IS) practices are underway, which increase the transition to green OIZs and improve production performance in industry while reducing environmental impact. Under the project Developing a Roadmap for Industrial Symbiosis for Turkey launched in 2018, a governance model was built for the implementation of industrial symbiosis approach on a national scale in Turkey and recommendations for implementation were submitted as a report to the relevant stakeholders. 107 TURKEY’s 2nd VNR 2019 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS “Strong Ground towards Common Goals”
When food supply chain is addressed as a whole in Turkey, the highest loss rate is observed in agricultural production which is the first ring of the chain. 25-40% of 49 million tonnes of fruits and vegetables produced per year are turned into waste due to various reasons during production, distribution and sales. In one study, a total of 4.9 million loaves of bread were found to be wasted per day. To reduce the losses in the food supply chain, registration system needs strengthening, licensed warehousing and logistic infrastructures need expansion in the supply chain of fresh fruits and vegetables. Packaging, transportation, storage and retail sales standards and efficient operation and modernisation of wholesale food markets are the priorities adopted in our country. To prevent the adverse impacts of chemicals and waste on human health and the environment, significant improvements were achieved in reduction of solid waste generation through waste prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse. In 2014, a total of 16 million tons of waste, 1 million of which was of a hazardous nature, was generated in the manufacturing industry. 5.4% of total waste is recovered in facilities, 45.1% was sold or sent to licensed waste disposal and recovery companies, 31.1% was disposed in landfills, 4.3% was disposed in garbage dump sites, 11.8% was stored in workplace site, 1.3% was incinerated in co-incineration or incineration facilities and 1% was disposed of by other methods. National Recycling Strategy and Action Plan (2014-2017) were published, aiming at making efficient use of resources and recycling a part of the economy. According to the results of the questionnaire applied to all waste disposal and recovery facilities and to landfills, incineration and compost facilities licensed or with a temporary activity certificate, a total 1,698 facilities, 140 of which are waste disposal facilities and 1,558 of which are recovery facilities, are operating in Turkey. In 7 compost facilities with a total capacity of 424,000 tons/year, 140,000 tons of waste was processed and 20,000 tons of compost was produced. In addition, energy recovery was achieved by incinerating 739,000 tons of waste in 35 co-incineration facilities licensed for waste recovery. A total of 32 million tons of metal, plastic, paper, mineral etc. waste was recovered in the other 1,516 licensed waste recovery facilities. It is anticipated that the annual use of plastic bags in our country is 30-35 billion pieces. In this context, pursuant to the principle of “prevention” which is the first priority among the principles of waste management, the need to take some measures to prevent unnecessary use of plastic bags in our country emerged. Plastic bags are sold to the consumer for a fee at the point of sales in 2019. In 2018, the practice of “Eco-Label” was introduced to raise consumers’ awareness on environmental impacts of the products. In the first stage, an Eco-Label were given to a total of 8 companies for 15 products, including 3 companies in textile sector for 3 products, 3 companies in ceramics industry for 9 products and 2 companies in paper industry for 3 products. Sustainable public procurement, encourages environmentally friendly products preferences in public procurement to support sustainable production and consumption particularly in construction materials. Therefore, the public procurement will be used as an effective tool to increase green production capacity. In the public procurement legislation, obligation to have EIA positive certificate was imposed for tender for the work with obligation to comply with the environmental legislation and with Environmental Impact Assessment requirements. There is a need to improve the capacity of public institutions and to expand good practice examples for green procurement in the public sector. Under the sustainability reporting, Borsa Istanbul (BIST) published the “Sustainability Guide for companies”. In this context, around 130 organisations published a sustainability report while a small number of organisations prepared an integrated report for the first time in 2016. In November 2016-October 2017, 42 companies in BIST took part in Sustainability Index. Being part of the sustainability index, companies’ approaches for sustainable natural resource management, health, security and governance improved. BIST third party assessment provided companies sustainability performance based for investors. The Banks Association of Turkey (TBB) issued a Sustainability Guide for the banking sector in 2014. Aiming to effectively assess and manage the environmental, social risks and internal impact risks arising from banking activities, the guide lays down principles and good practices for human and worker rights, stakeholder participation, communications, corporate governance, capacity-building, monitoring and reporting in the context of sustainability. 108 TURKEY’s 2nd VNR 2019 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS “Strong Ground towards Common Goals”