Phasmida; are herbivorous, 45 its nature and cause, 234, 235

Phasmida; are sensitive to cold, 44 that it is nomadic in habit, 239 Ch yysiridia 7nadagascaricnsis, 200 times of appearance, 232, 241, 242 Cladonotus luimbertiauiis, 134 Defence, means of, 25, 48, 49, 66. 67, Cocytius chieiitins, its long proboscis, 224 132, 136, 139, 153, 155, 157, 158 Colour changes in course of development aquatic habits, 50 in Orthoptera, 102 immobility, 45 of Schistocerca peregrina, loi power of ejecting nauseous fluid, 49, 155 of some Phasmida; of the Phyllium prickles and spines, 49 group, 57, 102 Defence, positive, of Locustidoe, 154 Community of Descent, Darwinian doc- Deinacrida, the curious genu-^, 156 trine of, a strong argument in favour brouglii, 158 of, 187 /u'teracanfha, 156; its size, 157; food, Conocephalides, 141, 159 and other habits, 157; clicking noise their head-ornament, 141 produced, 157 Coptopteryx females, 14, 24 mcgacephala, 157

Dcinacrida thoracica, 157 Eggs of Phasmidre, their resemblance to : specially exemplified inDeroplatys, strange leaf-like appendages, seeds, 52 the eggs of Phyllium, 54, 55 30, 31 Development of Mantidce, 21 time of laying, 54 .S(V Chnero-Devil's Riding-Horse. See Mantis Elephant Hawk Moths. Diapheromera femorata, ravages of, 45 campinre eggs of, their deposition, 52-54 Elleriia harrisii, its short tongue, 224 possesses gregarious tastes, 48 Emeralds. See Uraniidre post-embryonic development, 56 Enemies of the locust, 97, 127, 129 Digger- Wasps, as locust-enemies, 129 invertebrate, 97, 129; animals that Dilatable tracheoe, 87 feed upon the locust, or are para- Dipterous parasites of Acridiidx, 98, 130, sitic externally, 129; animals that •31 prey upon the locust internally, 130 Disappearance of locusts from a spot vertebrate, 98, 127; Locust Birds, 127; invaded apparently inexplicable, 1 16 various vertebrates, 98, 128 Dolichopoda palpata, a cave-dweller, 156 Entometa ignobilis. See Lictor Moth Dragon flies as locust enemies, 130 Ephippigerides, organs of stridulation, 147 Eremiaphila, first discovered bv Savigny, 28 E Eremobiens, 137, 140; modified to extraordinary extent for desert life, 137 Ears, Acridian, 91 Eugastei- giiyonii, its defensive fluid, 155 of Locustidre, 145 its stridulation, unlike ordinary forms, Egg-capsules of Mantidce, 16 155 Egg-enemies of Acridiidce, 97 Eumegalodonida:, 159

Anthomyia egg-parasite, 98 Extatosoma, an ugly monster, 49, 65 birds and mammals, 98 Cantharidx, 97 dipterous genus Idia, 98 Locust-mite, 98 Muscinse, 98 Fabricius on the genus Urania, 194 two-winged flies of family Bombyliidre, Females of Psychidre, 204, 206, 214, 216 98 change to imago, 206, 216; death, Egg-laying of Mantidse, 16 206, 218 of Phasmidse, 53 perpetual prisoners, 206, 216 Egg-masses of Acridiidae, details of, 95, Fossil Phasmidoe, 78 96 Eggs of Phasmidte, remarkable nature of, 52 each egg really a capsule containing an egg, 53 manner of deposition, 53 Galls, deposition of eggs in, ol Mecouema number produced, 54 rariurn, 143; of Xiphidiinn ensife-scramble out of, change during, 55 rum, 143, 144

1 1

Geographical distribution of Mantidce, Immobility, a means of defence, 48, 49 38; is very clearly defined, 39 of Phasmidce, reasons and use thereof, " Golden Ass," the, 163 45 Gomphocerus, the genus, 140 K Gongylus, 30, 35; simulation to flowers, 37 Kallima, perfect Protective Resemlilancc Graber, on musical organs of females of of, 183

Acridiidce, 91 iiiac/iis, 1S3 Gtacffca coccophagus, ejection of fluid, paralckta, 183 49; ravages of, 45 Katydids, their music, 149, 154 Green grasshoppers, 141 as pets, 1 50; results of confinement, Ground species of Mantidce, modifications 153 of forms in general of. 28, 29 have both a day and a night song, 150

Eremiaphila, 28 their pertinacity, 150 Kiinckel d'Herculais, on process of hatching of Staiironotus viaroccanus, 99 H on dipterous parasites of Staiironottis maroccanus and other Acridiida?, 98, llair-streaks (Thecla^), 17S 131 Ilaldmanella, 140 on the Bombylid larvx in the ova of Hawk Moths. See Sphingida' Stanronotus maroccattus, 98 as wind visitors, 229 highly specialized condition of ^.ome of the structural characters of peculiar interest, 220 ' Leaf-butterflies," 182 leading characteristics of this favourite Kallima inachis, 1S3 group, 219 Kallivia faralekta, 1 83 Head and sense organs of Mantidce, 12, " Leaf-insects," resemblance to leaves 13 displayed by tegmina, by other Hemaris. See Bee Hawk Moths parts, 67-69 diffiiiis, 228 leaf-like tegmina possessed only by Henneguy, on the eggs oi.Phylliia/i cnoi- female, 70 folium, 55 Lefebvre, on the genus Eremiaphila, 28 Hetah-a esnieralda, a clear-wing butterfly, Leg of an insect, typical development, 9 177 Legs, front, of Mantis, modification of in Heteropteryx, its prickles and spines, 49, detail, 9 65 principal function, 10 Hymenopus hiconiis, alluring colouring secondary functions, 1 of. 36 the limb in repose, 1 intermediate and posterior legs of Mantis, 11 Lepidoptera, 163, 176, 184, 203, 219, 230 Ichneumonidci?, no member of the family antenna; of, unsatisfactory as a classi-attacks locusts, 132 ficatory basis, 185, 186

Lepidoptera, no one set of characters Macleay, on a species of Urania flitting will serve as an infallible guide to about a grove of Pandanus, 200 distinguish moths from butterflies, Macroglossina?, complete resemblance to 1 86 humming-birds, 221 Rhopalocera and Heterocera, 184, 185 placed at the head of the series Sphin-spine or spring on hind wings unsatis- gidae, 222 factory as a classificatory basis, 186 Manducinae, 225 Lictor Moth, its lars'al case, 208, 212; Manduca atropos. See Death's Head abundance of cases, 215 Moth Locitsia viridissima, its colour in assimila- Mantidx', as locust-enemies, 130 tion with surroundings, 153 females compared with males, 14. 15 musical organs, 147; stridulation, 148 striking characteristics, 9, 1 Locustidi^ prominent characters, 82, 141; voracity not limited to insects, 8 absence of air-vesicles connected Mantis religiosa, devotional attitude, 3; with tracheal system, peculiar head- meaning of habit, 6 ornament, ocelli generally imperfect, Brazilian name for, 5; not the saint ovipositor, 141, 142 but the tiger of the insect world, 5, 6 chiefly nocturnal, 148 geographical distribution, 40 defence of a positive nature, 154 interesting mode of capture of prey, 6 each species may ordinarily be distin- metamorphoses, 21 guished by its peculiar note, 148 name not indicative of pursuits, 5 food-habits, 153 pugnacious propensities appreciated liy life-histories, 142; oviposition in earth, Chinese, 8; and cannabalism, 8 in plants, 142-144 the subject of legends and superstitions, of a somewhat sedentary nature, 148 3 Protective Resemblance, 153; perfec- A/econcma varimn, deposition of its eggs tion of resemblance of tegmina to in galls, 143 leaves, 154 Mecostethus, ears in, 92 readily distinguished from Acridiidce, Megalodon, the genus, 159 82, 141 Megathymtis ytuccs, the Yucca Borer, an remarkable forms, 156-159 interesting aberrant form, 190; re-resemblance to Stick-insects, 155 garded by some as a genuine butter- Locusts, properly so-called, 106, 107 fly, 190 their flight dependent on the wind, 86, depredations for which famed, 190, 192 115, 116, 123, 124, 126 funnel-like tube characteristic of larva, "Lubber grasshopper," the..91?^ 192, 193 Brachystola magna habitat, appearance, habits, 190-192 white powdery bloom, its use, 192, 193

M Meso-thorax frequently of extraordinary length in Phasmidae, 42 Macleay, that the minor natural groups Metamorphoses of Mantidce, 21 of Lepidoptera often keep very development of organs of flight, 24 constant to the same natural group interesting life and habits of the young, of plants, 200 their moults, attitudes, food, etc., 22

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Metamorphoses of Mantida\ hatching of Migratory species, exist in countries with-larva, time of, 2 out giving rise to swarms, 108; pene-number of larvaj yielded by a single trate to our shores, 108 capsule, 22 species of Acridiid^e ascertained to be, nymph state compared with sub- of the Old World, 107;. of the New apterous or apterous adults, 24 World, 107 time occupied in metamorphoses, Mimetic resemblance of Phyllium, 67, 21 68 " Metamorphoses," the, or " Golden Mimicry of Phasmidte, end gained by, 66 Ass," 163 is purely defensive, 66 iMcfkone audcrssoiii, 137, 140 perhaps no other group in form and Metitra elongata, a most interesting colour so generally imitative, 67 architect, 20S Morphida;, 177 strange female of, 2 1 Murray, on Phyllium, 56, 58, 74 striking cases of, 208, 209 215 on the eggs of Phyllium scythe in Microcoitnim retiiien'c, eggs of, 144; Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, metamorphoses, 141, 145 54 curious habits, 150 Music of AcridiidK, 88 music, 149, 150 of Locustid?e, how produced, 147, 149 Migration of Butterflies, 179; of Day- Musical organs of Locustick-e, situation, flying Moths, 201; of Lepidoptera structure, 147 generally, 241 found usually only in male, 147 of Locusts, icg; laws governing, 1 1 1; phenomenon explained by excessive multiplication, 111,113; other causes, N remote, immediate, 113; remarkable manifestations of instinct attend, Nervous system, in Acridiida% 87, 88 locusts take direction of predecessors, the " brain," 87 trial flights, locusts wait for change Nomadic in habit, that Death's Head when wind unfavourable, 115; dis- Moth is, 239 appearance of locusts from a spot invaded apparently inexplicable, 116; distance to which swarms may migrate, 123; length of single O flight, 123; facts in proof of power of prolonged flight, 124-126 Oedipodides, 107, 126, 132, 136, 137 Migratory, most species of Acridiidx' not, Eremobiens, 137 106 includes most of the species of migratory disposition, not caused by anatomical locusts of the Old World, 107, 136 differences, 108 winged, striking cases of colour differ-locusts, habits and natural history, 109; ence, is correlative with locality, 136 ravaging power of, 109; huge size Oikttuus kirbii, female imago of, 217 of swarms, 109; famine and pesti- Orange river, attempted crossing of, by lence result of a swarm, 1 10 " Yoetgangers," 121

Organization of Mantidx, as a whole, 12 Phasmid^e, marvellous imitative resem-is in conformity with a carnivorous life, blance of vegetative objects, 60 9, 12, 13 modification for aquatic life, 50 is superior, 12 Phylliides, the tribe, 41, 68 Organs of flight of Mantidæ, 13 Phyllium, moults of, 56-58 Ornithoptera, the Bird-winged Butter- number of species known, 68 flies, 177, 181 seasonal change of colour in, 57, 102 Oviposition in Acridiidse, 94; gonapo- specimens exhibited in Paris, 74 physes, deposition of eggs, use of the genus confined to tropics of Old fluid discharged, soil preferred, time World, 68 required for, extent of period, number Plant Types of Mantidoe, 26 of egg-masses, 95, 96 their presentment of the phenomenon in Mantidoe, 16 of Protective and Aggressive Rein Phasmidse, 53-55 semblance, 25-27, 30, 35 Pneumorides, 132, 134 Pneumora scuiellaris, 135 Podacanthus, 47, 64, 76 Post-embryonic development, of Acri- Pachytylus duerascevs, 107, loS diidre, loi; change of colour in marmoratus, 107 course of development, lOl, 102 migi-aiorius, 107, 108 of Phasmidce, 56; number of moults, Packard, on arrangement of air-sacs in 56

Rocky Mountain Locust, 85 Poullon on disajipearance of beauty of Pages. See Uraniida? male Moths, 214 Pamphagides, 135 Prisopi, the, aquatic habits of, 50

Saussure, de, on their geographical Procliilits australis, resemblance to Phas-distribution, 136 midce, 155 Paonias and Calasymbolus, extremely Proscopides, 132 beautiful genera, 228 Protective and Aggressive Resemblance Papilio memnofi, remarkable variety in of Orthoptera, 25, 60, 67, 132, 136, the form of the females, 181, 182 139. 153. 154 Papilios in Nicaragua, sucking up Prothorax of Mantidn:, modification of, moisture, 178 1 Parasites, of eggs of Mantida.^, 21 its development shows its importance, of eggs of Acridiida:, 98 12 Peringueyella, its slender stick-like forms, its remarkable elongation and mobility, 155 II, 12; to what due, 12 Periodicity, no law of, governing de- Psychidce, the Case Moths, 203 structive flights of locusts, III change to imago, 206, 211, 216; sup- Phantasis, absence of elytra in, 43 posed assistance of long sticks at Phasmidre, general peculiarities. 41 event, 212; subsequent life of male, appearance grotesque, 41 and general characters, 212, 213 distribution of, 76 coming of age of male, preparation for enemies of, 48 pupal sleep, 211

PsychicUc, females are perpetual prisoners Sacktragers, 204 within larva habitaciilum, 206, 216, Sagides, some members of, 155 218 Saltatoria, term "grasshopper " ap[)lied larvje subject to attacks of parasites, to two families of, 82 215 Saussure, de, on slender stick-like forms probable cause of disappearance of in the genus Peringueyella, 155 beauty in male, 214 on oceans being impassable to locusts, singular rarity of moths considering 126 abundance of cases, 214, 215 on Oedipodides, 126 strangely difficult to rear, 215 on the geographical distribution of want of honiogeueousness in perfect Pamphagides, 136 state of insects of this group, 213 Savigny, on the genus Eremiaphila, 28 Pterochroza, the genus, wonderful pro- Schistoccrca americana, 107 tective resemblance of, 154 feregnita, perhaps originally native to America, 126 Ptilota of Aristotle, the, 203 distribution, 107 may deposit eggs at more than one

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