Nature Geoscience Article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01742-z Extended Data Fig. 8 | Spatial distribution of the uncertainty of forest (A), shrubland (B), grassland (C) and wetland (D) models. Uncertainty was assessed using the standard deviation of the predictions calculated from the five sub-models originated from the 5-fold cross-validation. Uncertainty was rather low and uniform globally for all four models.
Nature Geoscience
Article
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01742-z
Specific ecosystem type
Mean ± SD
(min, max, median)
(t C ha-1 yr-1)
N
Stock
(t C ha-1)
Build-up
(yr)
Boreal wetland79
0.46 ± 0.57
(0.02, 2.80, 0.24)
47
373.3
811.5
Temperate wetland79
2.14 ± 1.49
(0.15, 6.5, 1.65)
29
211.0
98.6
Tropical/subtropical wetland81–90
1.92 ± 1.58
(0.48, 4.8, 1.32)
6
740.1
385.5
Boreal forest78,79, 91–95
1.26 ± 0.11
(1.13, 1.40, 1.27)
6
129.6
102.9 Temperate forest78,79,96–99 1.98 ± 0.57 (1.24, 2.80, 2.04) 7 137.9
69,6
Tropical/subtropical dry forest78,100–109
1.92 ± 0.85
(0.78, 3.12, 2.11)
8
209.9
109.3
Tropical/subtropical moist forest (excl.
mangroves)78,110-121
3.40 ± 1.50
(1.18, 6.03, 3.64)
20
253.4
72.5
Mangrove forest/shrubland122–127
1.79 ± 0.27
(1.34, 2.11, 1.72)
6
553.9
309.4
Temperate/boreal shrubland79,128–134
0.59 ± 0.36
(0.21, 1.20, 0.53)
6
98.2
166.4
Tropical/subtropical shrubland18,100–103, 135–
139
0.31 ± 0.21
(0.14, 0.65, 0.21)
5
139.7
450.6
Temperate/boreal grassland79,140–145
0.49 ± 0.16
(0.24, 0.66, 0.54)
6
79.9
163.1
Tropical/subtropical grassland104,137,146–154
0.31 ± 0.21
(0.11, 0.67, 0.27)
6
68.8
221.9
Extended Data Fig. 9 | Carbon sequestration rates and carbon stocks of biome-specific ecosystem types compiled and averaged from published studies. Build-up
time is the time in year required to reach the stock considering the listed rates and assuming linear trend. Data from refs. 80–153.