50 Appendix A. TABLE A.6: Detailed decomposition of the 20th percentile employment income gap for pooled country sample Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK Explained Age -0.009 0.008** -0.003 -0.002 0.001 -0.008 -0.009 -0.003 0.001 -0.023** 0.018*** 0.011 0.007* -0.001 0.022*** 0.018* 0.004*** 0.002* 0.000 -0.009 0.000 -0.002 0.009** -0.003 0.000 Children <15 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.013* -0.001 -0.004 -0.004 0.003 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -0.006** -0.020*** 0.000 -0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 -0.004 -0.001 0.003 0.001 Children <3 0.006* -0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005* 0.000 0.002 -0.001 -0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.001 Secondary edu. 0.029** 0.003 0.048*** 0.075*** 0.012* 0.044*** 0.024* 0.034** 0.018** -0.111*** 0.010*** 0.066*** 0.021** 0.037** 0.000 0.063*** 0.021** 0.001 0.024** 0.051*** 0.016** 0.017 0.007* 0.033** 0.000 Tertiarty edu. 0.013 -0.012 -0.046*** -0.089*** -0.008* -0.067** -0.104*** -0.072*** -0.026** 0.117*** -0.035*** -0.041*** -0.079*** -0.079*** 0.002 -0.092*** -0.044*** -0.017*** -0.037*** -0.164*** -0.021** -0.098*** -0.045*** -0.045 -0.006 Married -0.009* 0.001 -0.005* -0.006 -0.005* 0.005 0.010** -0.002 0.005 0.016** 0.004* 0.004 0.007** 0.013** 0.006 -0.001 0.003* 0.007*** -0.026*** 0.004 -0.005** -0.009 0.011** -0.004 0.008** Cohabiting -0.005 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.005 0.001 0.003 0.007 -0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 -0.007 -0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001 -0.001 0.000 -0.005 -0.001 -0.013* 0.003 Part-time 0.445*** 0.175*** 0.047*** 0.033** 0.041*** 0.227*** 0.112*** 0.076*** 0.502*** 0.786*** 0.104*** 0.039*** 0.054*** 0.040*** 0.596*** 0.232*** 0.050*** 0.055*** -0.022 0.016* 0.028*** 0.020* 0.233*** 0.264*** 0.382*** Unemployed -0.040** -0.002 -0.028 -0.048 0.007 0.002 -0.004 -0.064*** 0.024 -0.006 0.036*** -0.072*** -0.041*** -0.019** 0.007 -0.011 0.006** 0.001 -0.003 -0.281*** -0.007 0.025 0.006 -0.012 -0.001 Inactive 0.157*** 0.012* 0.064*** 0.115*** 0.072*** 0.068 0.062*** 0.221*** 0.034* 0.056** 0.007* 0.590*** 0.085*** 0.056*** 0.134*** 0.197*** 0.009 -0.009*** 0.033*** 0.04 0.040*** 0.055 0.046*** 0.024 0.005 Managerial 0.040*** 0.017*** 0.004* 0.029*** 0.018*** 0.011 0.044* 0.061*** 0.057*** 0.013 0.009** -0.015 0.016* 0.013 0.031 -0.091*** 0.007* 0.028*** 0.056*** 0.059*** 0.008*** 0.013 0.032*** 0.019 0.031* Professional -0.040*** -0.036*** -0.058*** -0.265*** -0.032*** -0.009 -0.105** -0.022 -0.012 -0.001 -0.059** 0.031 -0.121*** -0.132** 0.004 0.275*** -0.063*** -0.066*** -0.395*** -0.188*** -0.036*** -0.052 -0.098*** -0.325*** -0.019 Technician 0.003 0.007 0.023*** 0.113*** 0.001 0.002 -0.029** -0.143*** -0.016 -0.027 0.003 0.073* -0.070*** -0.01 -0.015 -0.120*** -0.021*** 0.033*** -0.063 -0.104*** -0.009* -0.022 0.033*** 0.097*** -0.011 Clerical -0.086*** -0.044*** -0.023*** -0.133*** -0.060*** 0.011 -0.050* -0.258*** -0.137*** -0.036 -0.058** 0.106 -0.056*** -0.036** -0.016 0.078*** -0.024** -0.032*** -0.199*** -0.221*** -0.048*** -0.039 -0.166*** -0.125*** -0.051 Service/Sales -0.105*** -0.029*** -0.019 -0.269*** -0.008 -0.003 -0.080* -0.535*** -0.115* 0.016 -0.053* 0.054 -0.144*** -0.090*** 0.038 0.410*** -0.044* -0.068*** -0.804*** -0.132*** -0.056*** -0.047 -0.093** -0.472*** -0.071 Agricultural 0.001 -0.005 -0.009** 0.024*** -0.003* -0.023 0.000 0.049*** -0.015 -0.002 -0.002 -0.047*** 0.002 0.005 0.000 -0.081*** -0.008 0.002 -0.006 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.017 0.043*** -0.007 Craft/trade 0.235*** 0.074*** 0.032* 0.309*** 0.057*** -0.041 0.124* 0.584*** 0.196*** 0.007 0.073 -0.178 0.213*** 0.090** 0.013 -0.370*** 0.085** 0.113*** 0.827*** 0.257*** 0.083*** 0.141 0.201*** 0.468*** 0.096* Plant/machinery 0.073*** 0.037*** 0.034*** 0.259*** 0.033*** 0.024 0.088** 0.343*** 0.097** 0.013 0.082*** -0.06 0.181*** 0.099** 0.013 -0.137*** 0.056** 0.047*** 0.469*** 0.236*** 0.048*** 0.037 0.158*** 0.265*** 0.04 Elementary -0.072*** 0.002 0.000 -0.041** 0.011** 0.000 -0.007 -0.066*** -0.062** 0.001 -0.009 0.064** -0.008 -0.003 0.006 0.030** -0.007 -0.051*** 0.012 -0.040** -0.001 -0.037* -0.039 -0.016 0.000 Non-citizen -0.002 -0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 -0.011** 0.000 -0.001 0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.005 0.001 -0.003 -0.001 Total 0.633*** 0.202*** 0.063* 0.103* 0.142*** 0.257*** 0.073** 0.201*** 0.547*** 0.831*** 0.130*** 0.627*** 0.068** -0.015 0.827*** 0.380*** 0.030** 0.047*** -0.132 -0.469*** 0.040** -0.001 0.311*** 0.195** 0.399*** Unexplained Age 0.261 -0.414*** -0.686*** -0.901** -0.135 -0.516 0.057 -0.187 0.489* 1.541*** -0.132 1.998*** -0.353** -0.51 -0.054 0.649** -0.390*** -0.178** -1.093* -0.607 -0.09 -0.029 0.183 -0.206 -0.135 Children <15 0.07 -0.007 -0.01 0.021 0.042** -0.099 -0.012 0.153*** -0.004 0.025 0.006 0.055 0.003 0.06 0.013 0.120*** 0.004 0.013 0.115 -0.083 0.025 0.04 0.018 -0.098* -0.004 Children <3 0.078*** 0.005 0.082*** 0.081** 0.008 0.017 0.026** 0.013 -0.021 0.006 0.022** -0.058** 0.057*** 0.103*** 0.011 0.118*** 0.025** 0.015** 0.02 0.036 -0.003 0.095*** -0.01 0.128*** 0.014 Secondary edu. 0.527*** -0.121*** 0.094 0.159 0.063 -0.044 0.01 -0.08 0.074 1.025*** 0.041 0.011 -0.035 -0.365* -0.058 0.106 -0.128* 0.009 -0.248 -0.187 0.041 -0.131 0.088** 0.07 -0.047* Tertiarty edu. 0.272*** -0.225*** 0.066 0.108 0.018 0.05 0.111 -0.096 0.067 0.416*** 0.072 -0.04 -0.004 -0.352 -0.194** -0.061 -0.138** 0.026 -0.157 -0.054 0.025 0.078 0.114 0.007 -0.036 Married 0.127* 0.054* 0.097 0.031 0.130*** -0.034 0.094** 0.081 0.154** 0.304*** 0.159*** -0.101 0.099** 0.11 0.304*** -0.001 0.02 0.077*** 0.329 0.176 0.094*** 0.064 0.200*** 0.047 0.07 Cohabiting 0.000 0.007 0.001 -0.002 0.032*** 0.009 0.03 0.031 0.06 0.053*** 0.001 -0.003 0.000 -0.007 0.089*** 0.051 0.016** 0.012 -0.036* -0.005 0.005 0.039 0.001 0.056 0.029* Part-time -0.323*** -0.016 -0.003 0.01 0.009 -0.190*** -0.034 -0.046 -0.485*** -0.580*** -0.037* -0.088*** 0.042** 0.071** -0.530*** -0.186*** 0.034*** 0.01 0.282*** -0.01 0.002 0.048** -0.156*** -0.224*** -0.136*** Unemployed -0.002 0.005 0.032 -0.209*** 0.012** -0.028 0.009 -0.045** -0.081*** -0.016* -0.004 -0.016 0.018 0.103*** 0.009 -0.015 0.027*** 0.010* 0.000 0.147*** -0.001 -0.055* -0.031 -0.073*** 0.000 Inactive 0.021 0.006 0.059*** 0.011 0.048*** -0.174** -0.044** -0.304*** -0.109*** -0.246*** 0.009 0.516*** 0.021 0.220*** -0.078*** -0.360*** 0.026*** 0.006 0.054* 0.096** 0.003 -0.092** -0.060*** -0.303*** 0.009** Managerial -0.049*** -0.024 -0.014 -0.005 -0.014*** 0.007 -0.055 0.025** -0.012 -0.037*** 0.003 -0.050** -0.04 -0.106* -0.004 -0.058 -0.076*** -0.005 -0.132*** -0.007 0.001 0.011 0.005 0.054* -0.009 Professional -0.227*** -0.169* -0.128** 0.039 -0.122*** -0.052 -0.159 0.222* -0.099 -0.339*** -0.028 -0.489*** -0.126 -0.429* -0.03 -0.381** -0.332*** -0.016 -1.661*** -0.094 -0.012 0.058 0.051 0.384** -0.07 Technician -0.270*** -0.06 -0.079** 0.03 -0.093*** 0.011 -0.05 0.236** -0.099 -0.473*** -0.02 -0.489*** -0.096 -0.086 -0.042 -0.147* -0.158*** -0.004 -0.743*** -0.113 -0.008 0.096 0.02 0.166* -0.03 Clerical -0.163*** -0.102* -0.066** 0.033 -0.090*** -0.006 -0.052 0.146** -0.054 -0.292*** -0.022 -0.412*** -0.007 -0.06 -0.077 -0.069 -0.118*** 0.000 -0.393*** -0.072 -0.01 0.064 0.061 0.046 -0.026 Service/Sales -0.366*** -0.05 -0.181*** 0.075 -0.124*** 0.099 -0.06 0.308** -0.114 -0.296*** -0.054 -0.506*** -0.061 -0.121 -0.064 -0.406*** -0.228*** 0.001 -1.841*** -0.099 -0.012 0.107 0.113 0.317* -0.011 Agricultural -0.050*** -0.003 0.003 0.01 -0.005 -0.01 -0.009 0.023 -0.009 -0.009** 0.11 -0.133*** -0.006 -0.026 0.004 -0.021*** -0.011 -0.002 0.211 0.034** -0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.014 0.000 Craft/trade -0.037*** 0.000 -0.025** 0.003 -0.019** -0.008 -0.021 0.022** -0.007 -0.027*** -0.001 -0.109** 0.002 -0.068 0.002 -0.004 -0.063*** -0.005 -0.837*** 0.000 -0.001 0.024 0.011 0.007 0.002 Plant/machinery -0.022** -0.004 -0.021** 0.011 -0.038*** 0.002 -0.025 0.027* -0.029 -0.015 0.003 -0.297*** 0.001 -0.034 -0.005 -0.020* -0.041*** -0.001 -0.513*** -0.022 -0.005 0.005 -0.001 0.021 -0.002 Elementary -0.073 -0.063 -0.029 0.086 -0.036** 0.031 -0.058 0.111*** -0.031 -0.063** 0.003 -0.571*** -0.061 -0.15 0.009 -0.009 -0.127*** -0.01 -0.501*** -0.046 -0.017 0.091 0.067 0.036 0.033 Non-citizen -0.088*** -0.008 -0.001 -0.003 0.000 0.021 -0.013 0.011 -0.009 0.061** -0.012 -0.001 0.006 -0.004 0.011 0.019 -0.002* 0.001 -0.001 -0.02 -0.003** 0.009 -0.036 -0.012 -0.007 Constant 0.362 1.357*** 1.091*** 0.594 0.611*** 0.624 0.351 -0.715 0.182 -1.043** 0.165 0.97 0.704* 1.922** 0.511 0.746 1.809*** 0.125 7.478*** 1.058* 0.156 -0.273 -0.675 -0.405 0.401 Total 0.05 0.169*** 0.283*** 0.183* 0.299*** -0.290** 0.096* -0.063 -0.136* -0.006 0.282*** 0.187** 0.165*** 0.270*** -0.174** 0.073 0.150*** 0.084*** 0.333** 0.126 0.190*** 0.250*** -0.039 0.032 0.044 Note: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Base for education variables is primary education; for marital status - single; for employment status - full-time worker; for occupation - army workers and technicians. Source: author’s calculations from EU-SILC 2016 data.