x MIGRATION STATISTICS ................................................................................................. 138 13.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 138 13.1 Trade Statistics ....................................................................................................... 138 13.2 Distributive Trade .................................................................................................. 138 13.3 Trade Establishment ............................................................................................... 139 13.4 Foreign Trade Statistics ......................................................................................... 139 13.5 Transport Statistics ................................................................................................. 141 13.6 Aviation Statistics / Air transport .......................................................................... 143 13.7 Shipping Statistics .................................................................................................. 145 13.8 Railway Statistics ................................................................................................... 147 13.9 Tourism Statistics................................................................................................... 149 13.10 International Migration Statistics ....................................................................... 159 13.11 Wildlife Statistics ............................................................................................... 161 13.12 Forest.................................................................................................................. 165 13.13 Balance of Payments (BOP) .............................................................................. 168 CHAPTER FOURTEEN ....................................................................................................... 173 ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS ...................................................................................... 173 14.0 Environment ................................................................................................................ 173 14.1 Environmental Statistics ........................................................................................ 173 14.2 Pollution ................................................................................................................. 173 14.3 Catchments Area .................................................................................................... 174 14.4 Climate Change ...................................................................................................... 174 14.5 Deforestation .......................................................................................................... 174 14.6 Desertification ........................................................................................................ 174 14.7 Disposal of Waste .................................................................................................. 174 14.8 Emission ................................................................................................................. 174 14.9 Environmental Costs .............................................................................................. 175 14.10 Energy Sources .................................................................................................. 176 14.11 Erosion ............................................................................................................... 176 14.12 Exhaust Gases .................................................................................................... 176 14.13 Fuel wood........................................................................................................... 176 14.14 Fossil Fuels ........................................................................................................ 177 14.15 Geologic Hazard ................................................................................................ 177 14.16 Greenhouse Effect .............................................................................................. 177 14.17 Habitat ................................................................................................................ 177 14.18 Hazardous Waste ............................................................................................... 177 14.19 Household Waste ............................................................................................... 177 14.20 Hydrocarbons ..................................................................................................... 177 14.21 Household waste ................................................................................................ 178 14.22 Indoor Air Pollution ........................................................................................... 178 14.23 Industrial waste .................................................................................................. 178
xi 14.24 Land Degradation ............................................................................................... 178 14.25 Marine Pollution ................................................................................................ 178 14.26 Overgrazing ........................................................................................................ 178 14.27 Ozone ................................................................................................................. 178 14.28 Carbon Business/ Trading .................................................................................. 179 14.29 pH Value ............................................................................................................ 179 14.30 Sewage ............................................................................................................... 179 14.31 Vegetation Cover ............................................................................................... 179 14.32 Biodiversity ........................................................................................................ 180 14.33 Ecosystem .......................................................................................................... 180 CHAPTER FIFTEEN ............................................................................................................ 182 LANDS, HOUSING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS STATISTICS ................................ 182 15.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 182 15.1 Land Statistics ........................................................................................................ 182 15.2 Certificate of Right of Occupancy (CRO) ............................................................. 182 15.3 Certificates of Customary Right of Occupancy (CCROs) ..................................... 182 15.4 Certificate of Village Land .................................................................................... 182 15.5 Cadastral Survey .................................................................................................... 183 15.6 Land ....................................................................................................................... 183 15.7 Co-ownership or Co-occupancy ............................................................................ 184 15.8 Land Parcel ............................................................................................................ 184 15.9 Land Use Plan ........................................................................................................ 184 15.10 Village Boundary ............................................................................................... 184 15.11 District Land and Housing Tribunal .................................................................. 184 15.12 Residential Licence ............................................................................................ 185 15.13 Dwelling House ................................................................................................. 185 15.14 Housing Unit ...................................................................................................... 185 15.15 Durable Materials: ............................................................................................. 186 15.16 Building ............................................................................................................. 186 15.17 Village ................................................................................................................ 187 15.18 Village Land ....................................................................................................... 187 15.19 Minor Town ....................................................................................................... 187 15.20 Residential Plot .................................................................................................. 188 15.21 Satellite City ....................................................................................................... 189 15.22 Human Settlement .............................................................................................. 189 15.23 Common Areas .................................................................................................. 189 15.24 Regularized Settlement ...................................................................................... 189 15.25 Land Development ............................................................................................. 189 15.26 Real Estate ......................................................................................................... 189 15.27 Master Plan ........................................................................................................ 190 15.28 Land Valuation ................................................................................................... 190
xii 15.29 Compensation .................................................................................................... 190 15.30 Mortgage ............................................................................................................ 190 15.31 Transfer .............................................................................................................. 190 15.32 The Land Acquisition ........................................................................................ 190 15.33 Prime Area ......................................................................................................... 190 15.34 Change of Use .................................................................................................... 190 15.35 Registration of Title ........................................................................................... 191 15.36 Legal Documentation ......................................................................................... 191 15.37 Hazardous Land ................................................................................................. 191 15.38 Land Hoarding ................................................................................................... 191 15.39 Residential License ............................................................................................ 191 PART FOUR: TECHNICAL SERVICES COORDINATION SECTOR ............................. 192 CHAPTER SIXTEEN ............................................................................................................ 192 STATISTICAL BUSINESS REGISTER .............................................................................. 192 16.0 Establishments ............................................................................................................. 192 16.1 Establishment Name .............................................................................................. 192 16.2 Statistical Unit ........................................................................................................ 192 16.3 Regional Code ........................................................................................................ 192 16.4 District Code .......................................................................................................... 192 16.5 Location ................................................................................................................. 193 16.6 Area ........................................................................................................................ 193 16.7 Business ................................................................................................................. 193 16.8 Industrial Activity .................................................................................................. 193 16.9 Ownership .............................................................................................................. 193 16.10 Nationality .......................................................................................................... 193 16.11 Registration of an Establishment ....................................................................... 193 16.12 Persons Engaged (Employee) ............................................................................ 193 16.13 Total Persons Engaged ....................................................................................... 194 16.14 Capital Investment ............................................................................................. 194 16.15 Annual Turnover ................................................................................................ 194 16.16 Micro Enterprises ............................................................................................... 194 16.17 Small Enterprises ............................................................................................... 194 16.18 Medium Enterprises ........................................................................................... 194 16.19 Large Enterprises ............................................................................................... 194 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN ..................................................................................................... 195 GEO-INFORMATION SYSTEM /SPATIAL DATA........................................................... 195 17.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 195 17.1 Maps ....................................................................................................................... 195 17.2 Map Elements ........................................................................................................ 198 17.3 Codes...................................................................................................................... 199 17.4 Aerial Photography ................................................................................................ 199
xiii 17.5 Satellite Imagery .................................................................................................... 200 17.6 Global Positioning System (GPS) .......................................................................... 200 17.7 Automated Cartography ......................................................................................... 200 17.8 Arc GIS .................................................................................................................. 200 17.9 Shapefile ................................................................................................................ 201 17.10 Schema ............................................................................................................... 201 17.11 Geodatabase ....................................................................................................... 202 17.12 Landmark ........................................................................................................... 202 17.13 Enumeration Area .............................................................................................. 202 17.14 EA Delineation ................................................................................................... 202 17.15 EA Geocode ....................................................................................................... 202 17.16 Attribute Table ................................................................................................... 202 17.17 Location ............................................................................................................. 203 17.18 Accuracy ............................................................................................................ 203 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN ......................................................................................................... 204 SAMPLING ........................................................................................................................... 204 18.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 204 18.1 Population .............................................................................................................. 204 18.2 Target Population ................................................................................................... 204 18.3 A Sample ................................................................................................................ 204 18.4 A Statistic ............................................................................................................... 204 18.5 Parameter ............................................................................................................... 204 18.6 Response rate ......................................................................................................... 204 18.7 Domain of the Study .............................................................................................. 204 18.8 Confidence Interval ................................................................................................ 205 18.9 Design effect (Deff) ............................................................................................... 205 18.10 Sampling Frame ................................................................................................. 205 18.11 Sampling Unit .................................................................................................... 205 18.12 Estimation .......................................................................................................... 205 18.13 Statistical Error .................................................................................................. 205 18.14 Sampling Error ................................................................................................... 205 18.15 Non – Sampling Error ........................................................................................ 205 18.16 Sampling Procedure ........................................................................................... 206 18.17 Simple Random Sampling ................................................................................. 206 18.18 Stratified Random Sampling (or Stratified sampling) ....................................... 206 18.19 Systematic Random Sampling (or Systematic Sampling) ................................. 206 18.20 Cluster Sampling ................................................................................................ 207 18.21 Multistage Sampling .......................................................................................... 207 18.22 Quota Sampling ................................................................................................. 207 18.23 Sample Allocation .............................................................................................. 207 18.24 Probability Proportional to Size Sampling ........................................................ 207
xiv 18.25 Primary sampling unit (PSU) ............................................................................. 207 18.26 Sampling Weight ............................................................................................... 207 18.27 Adjustment for Statistical Purposes ................................................................... 207 18.28 Administered Item ............................................................................................. 208 18.29 Administration Record ....................................................................................... 208 18.30 Administrative Data ........................................................................................... 208 18.31 Administrative Source ....................................................................................... 208 18.32 Bias .................................................................................................................... 208 18.33 Code ................................................................................................................... 208 18.34 Coding ................................................................................................................ 208 18.35 Cold Deck .......................................................................................................... 208 18.36 Coverage ............................................................................................................ 208 18.37 Coverage Error ................................................................................................... 208 18.38 Data .................................................................................................................... 209 18.39 Data Confidentiality ........................................................................................... 209 18.40 Data Editing ....................................................................................................... 209 18.41 Data Imputation ................................................................................................. 209 18.42 Data Processing .................................................................................................. 209 18.43 Hot deck ............................................................................................................. 209 18.44 Item response rate .............................................................................................. 209 18.45 Macro data ......................................................................................................... 209 18.46 Matching ............................................................................................................ 209 18.47 Metadata ............................................................................................................. 210 18.48 Micro data .......................................................................................................... 210 18.49 Probing ............................................................................................................... 210 18.50 Questionnaire ..................................................................................................... 210 18.51 Random Number ................................................................................................ 210 18.52 Reference Period ................................................................................................ 210 18.53 Refusal ............................................................................................................... 210 18.54 Respondent ......................................................................................................... 210 18.55 Statistics ............................................................................................................. 210 18.56 Official statistics ................................................................................................ 210 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 211
xv PREFACE According to the Statistics Act. Cap 351 R.E 2019 one of the functions of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) is to develop statistical methods and standards so as to ensure their use by all producers and users of official statistics. The use of defined statistical methods and standards facilitate the integration and comparison of statistics produced both nationally and internationally.
This publication puts together all statistical concepts and definitions that are used in the collection and compilation of official statistics in the country. The objective of this publication is to produce concepts and definitions that will be used by all producers of official statistics in the entire National Statistical System (NSS).
To allow internal and external comparisons, most of the concepts and definitions given are those recommended internationally. However, where national interests are better served by departing from international recommendations, priority is given to national interests.
The concepts and definitions for official statistics was prepared by the NBS in collaboration with various stakeholders from Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) within the National Statistical System in Tanzania Mainland. Appreciation goes to the participants who spent their time to provide useful information that has enable NBS to obtain the required information.
We hope that both the current and potential producers/users of official statistics will find concepts and definitions contained herein useful in their research and analytical needs. We also welcome feedbacks, comments and suggestions that will lead to the improvement of future editions of this publication.
Dr. Amina Msengwa Statistician General National Bureau of Statistics Dodoma.
xvi INTRODUCTION The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) is not the only producer of official statistics in the National Statistical System in the country. However, according to the Statistics Act, Cap 351, NBS is mandated among other functions to coordinate the National Statistical System in the country so as to produce quality statistics that are comparable over time and across subject matter areas.
In order to address the need for both harmonization and standardization, the NBS has been producing guideline documents, including the statistical concepts and definitions publication to be used by all producers and users of statistics so as to enhance harmonization in the production of official statistics in Tanzania.
The First Edition on Concepts and Definitions was published in 2004-2010 as one of the regular publications for use by the Government and other statistical stakeholders. The Second Edition on Concepts and Definitions for Official Statistics 2011-2014 was produced by involving various stakeholders from MDAs within the National Statistical System (NSS). This was aimed at fulfilling the needs of the implementation process for five years (2009/10-2013/14) of the Tanzania Statistical Master Plan (TSMP) that focuses on five substantive components namely; Institutional development and legal reforms, Human resource development, Data development and dissemination, Physical infrastructure and equipment development and Development of statistical infrastructure. Henceforth, the NSS needs to be supported by adequate statistical infrastructure based on well-defined concepts, definitions, international classifications and standards. The Third Edition on Concepts and Definitions for Official Statistics 2016 was reviewed by engaging various stakeholders with expertise in the relevant areas. The fourth edition of concepts and definition for official statistics, 2025 has incorporated new emerging concepts and definitions among other with the inclusion of new chapter for gender statistics and adding concepts on water, sanitation and hygiene and Geo Information System (GIS).
It is expected that development of statistical infrastructure will improve the quality of data and harmonize statistical production processes as well as reduce production costs within the NSS. This initiative will also help to raise public awareness and confidence among various customers in the use of routine, survey and census data.
xvii The plan is to update this publication after every five (5) years. The time in between will be used to review, develop concepts and definitions for new subject matter areas and promote discussions, comments and constructive suggestions from stakeholders. The updated publication will incorporate the new concepts and definitions and constructive suggestions from stakeholders that will be used to produce quality statistics needed to facilitate evidence- based plans for decision making.
1 PART ONE: REAL SECTOR CHAPTER ONE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS STATISTICS
National accounts statistics are designed to provide a consistent and comprehensive survey of the national economy. The national accounts contain national aggregates, and give detailed descriptions of transactions between different sectors of the economy, including the rest of the world.
1.0 The System of National Accounts (SNA) The System of National Accounts (SNA) is the internationally agreed standard set of recommendations on how to compile measures of economic activity. The SNA describes a coherent, consistent and integrated set of macroeconomic accounts in the context of a set of internationally agreed concepts, definitions, classifications and accounting rules.
It provides an overview of economic processes, recording how production is distributed among consumers, businesses, government and foreign nations. It shows how income originating in production, modified by taxes and transfers, flows to these groups and how they allocate these flows to consumption, saving and investment. Consequently, the national accounts are one of the building blocks of macroeconomic statistics forming a basis for economic analysis and policy formulation. 1.1 Regional National Accounts Refers to coherent, consistent and integrated sets of macroeconomic accounts and tables designed for a variety of analytical and policy purposes but compiled at regional level.
1.2 Quarterly National Accounts (QNA) Refers to coherent, consistent and integrated sets of macroeconomic accounts and tables designed for a variety of analytical and policy purposes compiled on quarterly basis in a year.
1.3 Semi-annual National Accounts Refers to coherent, consistent and integrated sets of macroeconomic accounts and tables designed for a variety of analytical and policy purposes compiled after every six months.
1.4 Institutional Unit Refers to an economic entity that is capable, in its own right, of owning assets, incurring liabilities, engaging in economic activities and engaging in transactions with other entities.
2
1.5 Economic Production Refers to an activity carried out under the control and responsibility of an institutional unit that uses inputs of labour, capital, goods and services to produce outputs of goods or services. A purely natural process without any human involvement or direction is not production in an economic sense.
1.6 Current Prices Refers to the prevailing prices at the time of observation.
1.7 Current Price Estimates Estimation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices involves expressing the value of each component transaction as the product of a current price and quantity.
1.8
Constant Price
Obtained directly by factoring changes over time in the values of flows or stocks of goods and
services into two components reflecting changes in the prices of the goods and services
concerned and changes in their volume.
1.9 Constant Price Estimates Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at constant prices involves expressing the value of each component transaction as the product of a fixed base year price and current quantity.
1.10 Price Deflator / GDP Deflator Is a measure of the level of prices of all new, domestically produced final goods and services in an economy. It measures the ratio of current-year price of a good to its price in some base year. The formula used to calculate the GDP deflator is:
!"# %&'()*+, = .+/01)( !"# 2&)( !"# ×455
1.11 Implicit Price Deflator This is obtained by dividing GDP at current prices value by a corresponding GDP at constant prices.
1.12 Market Output Refers to output sold at prices that are economically significant or otherwise disposed of on the market, or intended for sale or disposal on the market.