Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 44
supply may be undertaken by a single government agency, while in another country they may be distributed among departments dealing with the environment, housing, or industrial development.
For particular kinds of analyses, COFOG provides key aggregates that could be used as indicators or measures of results. For example, in studies of social assistance, information on past expenditure on social protection function could give an indication of changes in the support provided by government for the welfare of the population. Similarly, analyzing the impact of economic growth on the environment may require information on the expenditure on environment protection.
3.9 GOVERNMENT FINANCE STATISTICS (GFS) Government Finance Statistics (GFS) is the International Monetary Fund standard for publishing financial statistics within the Government system. It is designed to provide statistics that enable policymakers and analysts to study developments in the financial operations, fiscal position, and liquidity situation of the general government sector or the public sector (general government and resident public corporations) in a consistent and systematic manner.
The objective and uses of GFS system The GFS system is designed to provide statistics that enable policymakers and analysts to study developments in the financial operations, financial position, and liquidity situation of the general government sector or the public sector in a consistent and systematic manner. The GFS analytic framework can be used to analyze the operations of a specific level of government and transactions between levels of government as well as the entire public sector.
Compilation Framework and Data Sources The GFS 2001 and the GFS 2014 systems extends the cash-based analytical framework (GFS 1986) by emphasizing the recording of data on an accrual basis to give a comprehensive picture of government activities by recording non-cash transactions, internal transactions, other economic flows, and any payment arrears. It provides an integrated framework which can be used to analyze the operations of a specific level of government and transactions between levels of government as well as the entire public sector.
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 45
Tanzania’s General Government sector is composed of Ministries, Departments and Agencies - Central Government, Regional and Local Government Authorities and extra-budgetary units.
Since financial year 2000/2001, GFS 1986 system has been used for budget preparation and accounting for central government (Tanzania Mainland) and later was extended to other government units (including local government). In 2009/10 the central government prepared its budget in GFSM 2001 system. To date, GFS system is used in all Ministries, Regions and independent governments departments (including Zanzibar government). Also to a large extent most of the extra-budgetary units and Local Government Authorities use this system.
The data categories, sources and responsible institutions are as indicated in the following
table:
Data Category
Data Source
Responsible
Revenue
Tax Revenue
Monthly Flash Report, Annual
statement of Revenue
CPAD,
ACGEN,
PMO-
RALG
Social Contribution
Payroll Report
CB
Grants
Monthly Reports for Grant
CEF, ACGEN
Other Revenue
Monthly Flash Report, Annual
statement of Revenue
CPAD,
ACGEN,
PMO-
RALG
Expenses
Compensation of Employees (Wages and
Salaries)
Payroll
Report,
Expenditure
Flash Report
CB, ACGEN, PMO-RALG
Consumption of Fixed Capital (CFC)
Statement of use of Assets
DGAM, ACGEN
Interest Payments
Amortization Report, Monthly
Expenditure Report
ACGEN
Subsidies
TR Statement (PE & OC)
TR, CB, PMO-RALG
Grants
Statement of transfers (e.g to
other levels of government, etc)
CB, PMO-RALG
Social Benefits
Statement of transfers (e.g to
households)
CB
Other Expenses
Statements of Expenditure
CB, ACGEN, PMO-RALG
Non Financial Assets (NFA)
Fixed assets
DGAM,
ACGEN,
PMO-
RALG
Inventories
DGAM,
ACGEN,
PMO-
RALG
Valuables
BOT
Non-Produced Assets
Use of goods and services
Financial Assets (FA)
Domestic
Currency and deposits
Securities other than share
Loans
Expenditure Flash
Report, Consolidated
Annual Financial
Statements
ACGEN, PMO-RALG
BOT, ACGEN
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 46
Shares and other equities
Insurance Technical Reserves
Financial derivatives
Other account receivables
Foreign
Currency and deposits
Securities other than share
Loans
Shares and other equities (Public Corporation
only)
Insurance Technical Reserves
Financial derivatives
Other account payables
Classification of GFSM 1986 data to the detailed GFSM 2001 Tables The reclassification of GFSM 1986 data to the classification categories of the GFSM 2001 framework is seen as a first step in the transition to the new GFS methodology. Broadly, the relationships between the GFSM 1986 and 2001 classification systems are as follows:
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 47
Broad overview of relationships between GFSM 1986 and GFSM 2001 Classification Systems
GFSM 1986
GFSM 2001
Net Acquisition of Financial Assets Net Incurrence of liabilities Financing Total Net Borrowing Total change in cash deposits, and securities held for liquidity purposes Total Revenue and Grants Excludes sales of fixed capital assets, stocks, land and intangible assets Revenue Total expenditure Expense Sales of fixed capital assets, stocks, land and intangible assets Current expenditure plus capital transfers Acquisition of fixed capital assets, purchases of stocks, land and intangible assets Lending minus repayments Net acquisition of non-financial assets
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 48
PART III: STATISTICAL PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
NBS and other MDAs engage in data production. This part describes some surveys and non-
surveys in data production.
4.0
SOCIAL STATISTICS
4.1
TANZANIA HIV IMPACT SURVEY (THIS)
The Tanzania HIV Impact Assessment (THIS) is a national sample survey designed to provide
information on population, adult HIV Incidence, viral load suppression, distribution of HIV
infection, CD4 counts, HIV-related risk behaviours and uptake of HIV related services,
paediatrics HIV prevalence, and the use of HIV-related services such as prevention, care and
treatment. The THIS interviews respondents who are between 15 years and above. These
respondents are asked questions about their background, marriage, reproduction, background and
health of their children of age 0-14 years, male circumcision, their knowledge and attitudes on
HIV, HIV status, and other information that will be helpful to policy makers and administrators in
health and HIV programs. It also interviews adolescents of age 10-14 and they are asked on their
background, HIV knowledge, programs, sexual behavior and testing.
4.1.1 Objectives and uses of the THIS
Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) designed to fulfill primary and secondary objectives.
Primary Objectives
To estimate National HIV incidence (i.e., prevalence of recent HIV infection), The regional
prevalence of suppressed HIV VL National and Regional prevalence of HIV infection of adults,
age 15-49 years:
Secondary Objectives
(i)
To estimate HIV testing coverage, Prevalence of HIV-related risk behaviors,
knowledge, and attitudes, Behavioral and demographic determinants of HIV
incidence and prevalence among adults 15 years and above
(ii)
To estimate uptake of other HIV-related services (especially PMTCT related
services) and exposure to HIV interventions; Distribution of CD4 T-cell counts
among HIV+; Prevalence of transmitted drug-resistance; Syphilis prevalence;
Hepatitis B and C Prevalence among adults ages 15 and above and children ages 0-
14 years
(iii)
To estimate National pediatric HIV prevalence among children 0-14 years
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 49
Uses of the THIS:
The findings of the survey are used to:
(i)
Assess the UNAIDS 90/90/90 treatment targets on a national level.
(ii)
Estimate the HIV incidence, Viral Load Suppression among HIV-positive
individuals, and pediatric prevalence.
(iii)
Evaluate ongoing HIV related programmes and develop new strategies.
(iv)
Provides updated estimates of selected basic demographic indicators covered in
previous surveys.
(v)
Provide information to assist policy makers and programme implementers to
monitor and evaluate existing programmes and to design new strategies for
combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Tanzania.
4.1.2 Methodology of data production
Sampling Frame
The sample for the THIS is designed to provide estimates for the entire country, urban and rural
areas. Sampling design is of two stages; in the first stage the Primary Sampling Units (PSU) that
are enumeration areas (EA’s) are selected from the list of enumeration areas of the Population
and Housing Census. In the second stage all households in these EAs are listed then households to
be involved in the survey are selected using the systematic sampling.
Questionnaire Three questionnaires are administered in THIS; Household Questionnaire, Adult Questionnaire and Adolescent Questionnaire. The Household Questionnaire is used to list all the usual members and visitors of selected households and their characteristics including age, sex, education, and their relationship to the head of the household. In addition this questionnaire asks questions regarding orphans and vulnerable children, household deaths, characteristics of the household, economic support and disability.
The Adult Questionnaire is used to collect information from all individuals aged 15 years and above while Adolescent questionnaire is administered to individuals age 10 to 14 in one third of all households selected.
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 50
Training of Field Staff
Field staff training includes class presentations, mock interviews using scenarios, quizzes, tests
and field practice. Field practice involving interviews and biomarker testing carried out towards
the end of the training period.
Biomarkers Biomarker testing in THIS is done in the field and at central laboratory. Biomarkers done in the field include HIV rapid testing, syphilis rapid testing and CD4 test. At the laboratory, blood from HIV positive participants is tested for Viral Load, ARV metabolites and Drug Resistance. Also Hepatitis B testing is conducted at the laboratory.
Fieldwork: The fieldwork exercise is conducted in team work where by one team comprises of a team supervisor, six interviewers and a driver. Also for the purpose of supervision and coordination there is a field Coordinator who supervises five teams in the field. Fieldwork takes a period between six to seven months.
Quality Control: Quality control teams periodically visit teams in the field to check their work and re-interview some households (spot interviews). This is done for monitoring and to ensure collection of quality data.
Data Processing: Field testing results entered into the tablet and merged with the questionnaire data. Data processing includes editing of tablet identified-errors which is accomplished by ODK software. Blood from the field is transported to National Health Laboratory Quality Assuarence Training Centre (NHLQATC) to be tested. Results from the laboratory are uploaded to the server and merged with the questionnaire and field biomarker data by participant ID number. All data transmitted from the field are stored in a secure database located on the central survey server. Normally, data processing is conducted concurrently with the data collection exercise.
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 51
4.2
TANZANIA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY AND MALARIA
INDICATOR SURVEY (TDHS-MIS)
The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS) is the
population-based, comprehensive survey in a series of national sample surveys conducted in
Tanzania to measure levels, patterns, and trends in demographic and health indicators.
4.2.1 The objective and uses of Product The principal objective of the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS) is to collect data on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutrition, childhood immunisation, childhood and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, malaria, domestic violence, women’s empowerment and other health-related issues. In addition, the survey provide estimates of anaemia prevalence among children age 6-59 months and women age 15-49 years, estimates of malaria prevalence among children age 6-59 months, and estimates of iodine concentration in household salt and women’s urine.
Uses of the TDHS-MIS: The information collected through the TDHS-MIS is intended to assist policy makers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies to improve the health of the country’s population.
4.2.2 Methodology of data production
Sample Design The sample design for the TDHS-MIS is done in two stages and is intended to provide estimates for the entire country, for urban and rural areas in Tanzania Mainland, and for Zanzibar. For specific indicators such as contraceptive use, the sample design allows the estimation of indicators for each of the regions in Tanzania. A representative probability sample is selected in two stages. In the first stage, clusters are selected from a list of enumeration areas from the Population and Housing Census. In the second stage, a complete household listing exercise is carried out within all the selected clusters, then households are systematically selected for participation in the survey.