Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 32
D
35
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
E
36–39
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
F
41–43
Construction
G
45–47
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
H
49–53
Transportation and storage
I
55–56
Accommodation and food service activities
J
58–63
Information and communication
K
64–66
Financial and insurance activities
L
68
Real estate activities
M
69–75
Professional, scientific and technical activities
N
77–82
Administrative and support service activities
O
84
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
P
85
Educations
Q
86–88
Human health and social work activities
R
90–93
Arts, entertainment and recreation
S
94–96
Other service activities
T
97–98
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services
producing activities of households for own use
U
99
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies
3.1
THE CLASSIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION BY PURPOSE
(COICOP)
COICOP is one of the functional classifications in the UN 1993 System of National Accounts
(SNA93). It is used to classify individual consumption expenditures of three institutional sectors,
namely households, Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISHs) and Government.
COICOP is described as a “functional” classification because it categorizes consumption
expenditures according to their primary “functions” – in the sense of “purposes” or “objectives”;
for example, housing, medical, transport, recreation and education.
The COICOP structure is a hierarchical order where the household expenditures are classified from Division level to Class and Sub Class level. The standard COICOP structure has 12 divisions, 47 groups, 117 classes and 197 sub classes.
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 33
The objective and uses of COICOP The purposes defined in COICOP are based on the classifications of consumer expenditures which national statistical offices have developed for their own use to serve a variety of analytic applications. Although COICOP is not strictly linked to any particular model of consumer behaviour, the classification is designed to broadly reflect differences in income elasticity. COICOP intended for use in three statistical areas: household budget surveys, consumer price indices and international comparisons of gross domestic product (GDP) and its component expenditures. This is to ensure coordination within the statistical systems and international comparability.
3.2
TANZANIA STANDARD CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS (TASCO)
Tanzania Standard Classification of Occupations (TASCO) provides a systematic classification
and codification structure for the civilian working population of the United Republic of Tanzania.
TASCO has been fashioned after the International Standard Classification of Occupations, ISCO-
1988, compiled by the International Labour Office, ILO Geneva which is the revised edition of
ISCO-68. This adaptation has been done to ensure international and regional comparability of
reporting and analysis of statistical data relating to occupations, manpower, population census,
etc.
TASCO has been closely aligned with ISCO-88 to ensure international and regional comparability of statistical data. To maintain continuity with the country's past statistical data, based as it is on the ISCO-68, the main text of TASCO for each Major Group gives corresponding ISCO-68 Codes for titles included in the TASCO. The expanded Index, which includes all Base, Alternate and Related Titles of this Classification, will help coders, enumerators, and users of TASCO in the location, classification and codification of all occupations in the country.
The objective and uses of TASCO TASCO has been designed for the proper classification of the collected data of all civilian occupations in the country's labour force and to ensure its convertibility into the international standard.
TASCO, and ISCO-88, differ from the ISCO-68 in the following aspects:
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 34
(a) A new level of aggregation, called Sub-Major Groups, has been created between those represented by Major and Minor Groups in ISCO-68. (b) The basis of occupational classifications, in the ISCO-68, was according to type of work performed. TASCO and ISCO-88 occupational classifications are based on "Skill requirement" criterion, reflected in the skill level and skill specialisation of various occupations. (c) As a result of introduction of a new level of aggregation, viz sub-major groups, the occupational code structure consists of six (6) digits, instead of five (5) digits of ISCO-68; thus:-
(i) Major Groups are of one (1) digit, the extreme left numeral, at 'thousand' point of the four digits before the decimal point; (ii) Sub-Major Groups consist of two (2) digits, the left two numerals, at 'thousand' and 'hundred' points, of the four-digit numbers before the decimal point; (iii) Minor Groups consist of three (3) digits, the left three numerals, at 'thousand' 'hundred' and 'ten' points, of the four-digit numbers before the decimal point; (iv) Unit Groups consist of four (4) digits, all the four numerals left of the decimal point; and (v) Occupational Categories consist of six (6) digits, all the four (4) numerals left of the decimal point plus the two (2) numerals right of the decimal point.
Example 2143.40 Instrument Engineer, Electrical;
Major Group is indicated by '2', one digit at the thousand' point;
Sub-Major Group is indicated by '21', two digits at 'thousand' and 'hundred' points; Minor Group is indicated by '214', at 'thousand', 'hundred' and 'ten' points; Unit Group is indicated by '2143', all the four numerals left of the decimal point; and
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 35
Occupational category is indicated by 2143.40, i.e. all the four numerals, viz '2143' left of the decimal point plus two numerals, viz.40 on the right side of the decimal point.
Basic Approach and Classification Criteria (a) TASCO provides a structure for the classification of all civilian occupations in the country's labour force. Occupational categories are, thus, the smallest segment of work which is specifically identified, classified and codified in the TASCO. At this detailed level, an occupation is a set of jobs which involve the performance of a similar or common, but not necessarily identical, set of tasks all over the country.
An occupation, for the purpose of this classification, covers various jobs similar in their main tasks, and held by individual workers, all over the country, and in various establishments and industries, but workers may perform one or more of the different possible combinations or breakdowns of the set of tasks described in the occupational definitions of ISCO-68, shown against TASCO occupational titles, under its Unit Groups. Workers, in a number of establishments and industries, and whose principal tasks are similar, are considered to be sharing the same type of job; and the workers, in a particular establishment, performing identical principal tasks, are considered to be manning the same type of positions. A position, in any given establishment, is a set of tasks performed by one individual. Therefore, in a given establishment, there will be as many positions as are workers employed therein. In practice, positions are normally distinguished from one another by minor differences in duties, level of responsibility for supervision, and other particularities, e.g. wages and division of labour.
(b) ISCO-68 had classified occupations according to the type of work performed which was reflected in different ways, such as occupations occurring in the same field/discipline (e.g. physical sciences, life sciences); those concerned with the same subject-matter (e.g. Chemists, Physicists, Biologists, Agronomists); and those of workers executing similar processes (e.g. metal platers and coaters), operating similar equipment (e.g. motor vehicles), performing similar services (e.g. waiters, bartenders) and fabricating similar articles (e.g. watch, clock and precision instrument makers).
(c) In TASCO, the classification criteria is based on the requirements imposed upon workers by the tasks and duties of their occupations reflected in:
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 36
(i) The knowledge and proficiency needed for performing physical and mental activities of the prescribed tasks and duties; (ii) The knowledge of working principles, methods and techniques and characteristics of materials and equipment used; and (iii) The ability to react adequately to various work situations and demands.
(d) The above technical requirements depend on the skill requirements of an occupation. Skill may be defined as the ability of an individual worker to perform a set of tasks or to fulfil the technical requirements of an occupation. Thus, for the classification of jobs into occupation and of occupations into Unit Groups, skill requirements provide the similarity criterion for sets of tasks in the group structure of TASCO. The focus is on the skill required to carry out the tasks and duties of an occupation and not on whether a worker, having a particular occupation, is more or less skilled than another worker in the same occupation.
(e) The `skill requirement' criterion, used in TASCO, has two dimensions, viz (i) skill level and (ii) skill specialization.
(i) The skill level of an occupation is a function of the complexity and range of the tasks involved. The greater the complexity and wider the range of the set of tasks, the higher the skill level of an occupation. An occupation that involves more complex tasks than another will require a higher skill level. An occupation which requires the performance of a wide range of tasks has a higher skill level than an occupation which requires the performance of a sub-set of those same tasks. But, complexity of task is more important than mere range of tasks in determining the skill level, since complexity of tasks indicates the degree of proficiency, the level of knowledge, and the quality and character of the response required to accomplish such tasks.
(ii) The skill specialization of an occupation is a function of (i) the field of knowledge required (e.g. the subject-matter essential to the performance of tasks), (ii) tools, equipment and work aids used (e.g. plant, machinery, hand-tools); (iii) materials worked on or with (such as extracted, processed, refined or manufactured), and
(iii) Goods produced or services provided in relation to the tasks performed.
Statistical Methods, Standards and Guidelines 37
From the above, it can be deduced that; the greater the range and complexity of the set of tasks involved, the greater the duration and amount of (i) formal education; (ii) on-the-job training, and (iii) previous experience required for the satisfactory performance of the set of given tasks; but in some case, innate strength, abilities, appropriate work-experience, coupled with thorough on-the- job training, may equip a worker with the needed skills, or a part of them, for the successful performance of the set of tasks. In Tanzania, quite often, skills are acquired through informal training and work-experience.
3.3
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION ACTIVITIES FOR TIME USE
STATISTICS (ICATUS)
ICATUS is intended to be a standard classification of all activities that the general population
may spend time on during the 24 hours of a day. Its main purpose is to provide a set of activity
categories that can be utilized in producing meaningful statistics on time use. These have to be
meaningful in relation to the broad range of objectives of national time-use studies as well as
cross-national and cross-temporal comparative studies on time use.
Time-use statistics are defined as quantitative summaries of how individuals "spend" or allocate their time over a specified period, typically over the 24 hours of a day or over the 7 days of a week. They offer a unique tool for exploring a wide range of policy concerns including analysing division of labour between women and men, improving estimates of all forms of work (paid and unpaid) and estimating household production and its contribution to GDP.
The objective and uses of ICATUS The main objective of ICATUS is to provide a set of activity categories to be utilized in producing meaningful statistics on time use. It also provides indicators of the quality of life or well-being of the nation in terms of time-use patterns of people. Furthermore it intends to improve estimates of the value of goods and services with particular emphasis on increasing visibility of women’s work through better statistics on their contribution to the economy.
Many users of Time Use statistics are interested in the amount of time persons spend on both productive and non-productive activities, which could include unpaid childcare and adult care, housework and volunteering. Furthermore the results of the Time Use Survey enable one to