en-1707151358-FDES_2013.pdf

Type: Document | Status: ready
← All sources

Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 202 1.2.5 Manufacture of refined petroleum products (ISIC 232) 1.2.6 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (ISIC 24) 1.2.7 Manufacture of rubber and plastics products (ISIC 25) 1.2.8 Manufacture of other non metallic mineral products (ISIC/26) 1.2.9 Manufacture of basic iron and steel (ISIC 271) 1.2.10 Manufacture of basic precious and non ferrous metals (ISIC/272) 1.2.11 Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply (ISIC 40) 1.2.12 Other economic activities 1.2.13 Households 1.3 By availability of cleaning 1.3.1 Without cleaning 1.3.2 With cleaning or equivalent device 2. Emission from mobile sources 2.1 From road transport 2.1.1 Using motor spirit (gasoline) 2.1.2 Using gas (diesel) oil 2.1.3 Using other fuels 2.2 From railway transport 2.3 From other transport 2.4 From other mobile sources Emissions should at this time be reported on the following materials: Sulphur oxides, incl. hydrogen sulphide [in units of SO2] NOx, excl. nitrous oxide [in units of NO2] Ammonia Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide [in units of CO2] Total volatile organic compounds, incl. halogenated compounds Lead Mercury Cadmium Suspended particulate matter Emission data on items 1.1.1.1 to 1.1.1.3 should be broken down by type of fuel as follows: Coal and coal products Products obtained from petroleum refineries Natural gas Other fuels Concentrations in ambient air 2.1 Concentrations at impact stations 2.1.1 Sulphur oxides [expressed as SO2] 2.1.2 Nitrogen oxides [expressed as NO2] 2.1.3 Carbon monoxide 2.1.4 VOCs (to be specified) 2.1.5 Lead 2.1.6 Mercury 2.1.7 Cadmium 2.1.8 Suspended particulate matter

203 Classifications and environment statistics 203 2.2 Concentrations at national/regional background stations 2.2.1 Sulphur oxides [expressed as SO2] 2.2.2 Particulate sulphate 2.2.3 Nitrogen oxides [expressed as NO2] 2.2.4 Nitric acid and particulate nitrate 2.2.5 Ozone (tropospheric) 2.2.6 Ammonia 2.2.7 Particulate ammonium compounds 2.2.8 VOCs (to be specified) 2.2.9 Chemical composition of precipitation (pH/H+ ammonium, nitrate, chloride and sulphate ions, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions, conductivity) 2.3 Concentrations at global background stations 2.3.1 Ozone (stratospheric) 2.3.2 Carbon dioxide 2.3.3 Methane 2.3.4 CFCs 2.3.5 Halons 2.3.6 Nitrous oxide 2.3.7 Suspended particulate matter Depositions 3.1 Wet acidifying deposition 3.1.1 Sulphur dioxide and sulphate expressed in sulphur content 3.1.2 Nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid and nitrate expressed in nitrogen content 3.1.3 Ammonia and ammonium compounds expressed in nitrogen content 3.1.4 pH/H+ Note: Other deposition indicators may be added, once their development is sufficiently advanced. Classification of disasters D.6. The classifications to be used in the FDES to organize statistics on natural disasters are based on the CRED EM-DAT Database. The types of data to be registered in this component of environment statistics, at the most disaggregated variable level, may include, for each calendar year or other appropriate time frame: Table D.7 Record for individual natural disaster occurrence

  1. Identification 1.1 Name or denomination (if any) 1.2 Location and course, spatial trajectory or occurrence 1.3 Magnitude (scale) 1.4 Date 1.5 National declaration of disaster 1.6 Maps and pictures—hyperlink 1.7 Appeal for international assistance
  2. Type of natural disaster 2.1 Disaster subgroup 2.2 Disaster main type

Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 204 Table D.8 CRED EM-DAT classification of disasters 230 Disaster Subgroup Disaster Main Type Disaster Subtype 1 Geophysical 1.1 Earthquake 1.1.1 Ground shaking 1.1.2 Tsunami 1.2 Mass movement 1.3 Volcanic activity 1.3.1 Ash fall 1.3.2 Lahar 1.3.3 Pyroclastic flow 1.3.4 Lava flow 2 Meteorological 2.1 Storm 2.1.1 Extra-tropical storm 2.1.2 Tropical storm 2.1.3 Convective storm 2.2 Extreme temperature 2.2.1 Cold wave 2.2.2 Heat wave 2.2.3 Severe winter conditions 2.3 Fog 3 Hydrological 3.1 Flood 3.1.1 Coastal flood 3.1.2 Riverine flood 3.1.3 Flash flood 3.1.4 Ice jam flood 3.2 Landslide 3.2.1 Avalanche (snow, debris, mudflow, rockfall) 3.3 Wave action 3.3.1 Rogue wave 3.3.2 Seiche 4 Climatological 4.1 Drought 4.2 Glacial lake outburst 4.3 Wildfire 4.3.1 Forest fire 4.3.2 Land fire: brush, bush, pasture 5 Biological 5.1 Epidemic 5.1.1 Viral disease 5.1.2 Bacterial disease 5.1.3 Parasitic disease 5.1.4 Fungal disease 5.1.5 Prion disease 5.2 Insect infestation 5.2.1 Grasshopper 5.2.2 Locust 5.3 Animal accident 6 Extraterrestrial 6.1 Impact 6.1.1 Airburst 6.2 Space weather 6.2.1 Energetic particles 6.2.2 Geomagnetic storm 6.2.3 Shockwave Classification of protected areas D.7. Through its World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), the IUCN has provided the international guidelines on the categorisation of protected areas for nearly a quarter of a century.231 These categories are internationally recognized and facilitate a global system for defining, recording and classifying protected areas and the wide variety of specific aims they might embody. Acknowledged on an international level and often incorporated into national legislation, the categories below are based upon the management objectives of a protected area. 230 Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters EM-DAT. “Classification”, available from www.emdat .be/classification (accessed
4 August 2017). 231 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, “IUCN Protected Areas Categories System”, available from www .iucn.org/theme/protected -areas/about/categories (accessed 4 August 2017).

205Classifications and environment statistics 205 Extinct (EX) Extinct in the Wild (EW) Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC) Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE) All species Evaluated Adequate data Threatened categories Extinction risk +

232 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Species Survival Commission. “2001 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 3.1”, available from
www.iucnredlist.org/technical -documents/categories-and -criteria/2001-categories-criteria (accessed 4 August 2017). 233 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Species Survival Commission, “Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria”, Version 13 (March 2017), available from http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws .com/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). D.8. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. The general aim of the system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk.232 Figure D.1 Structure of the IUCN Red List Categories 233 Table D.9 IUCN classification of protected areas Ia: Strict Nature Reserve Category Ia are strictly protected areas set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorpho- logical features, where human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring. Ib: Wilderness Area Category Ib protected areas are usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition. II: National Park Category II protected areas are large natural or near-natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities. III: Natural Monument or Feature Category III protected areas are set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or even a living feature such as an ancient grove. They are generally quite small protected areas and often have high visitor value. IV: Habitat/Species Management Area Category IV protected areas aim to protect particular species or habitats and management reflects this priority. Many category IV protected areas will need regular, active interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category. V: Protected Landscape/Seascape A protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interac - tion is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values. VI: Protected area with sustainable use
of natural resources Category VI protected areas conserve ecosystems and habitats, together with associated cultural values and tradi - tional natural resource management systems. They are generally large, with most of the area in a natural condition, where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area. 207 References Basel Convention. Available from www.basel.int (accessed 4 August 2017). Basel Convention. Data Visualization Tool for the Basel Convention on the Generation, Export and Import of Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes. Available from www
.basel.int/Countries/NationalReporting/DataVisualizationTool/tabid/3216
/Default.aspx (accessed 4 August 2017). Basel Convention. Electronic Reporting System of the Basel Convention. Available from www.basel.int/Countries/NationalReporting/ElectronicReportingSystem
/tabid/3356/Default.aspx (accessed 4 August 2017). Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (2012). The Indicators. Available from www
.bipindicators.net/globalindicators (accessed 4 August 2017). Biodiversity Indicators Partnership. Ratification Status of the Nagoya Protocol. Available from www.bipindicators.net/NagoyaProtocolratification (accessed 4 August 2017). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters EM-DAT (2009). “Emergency Events Database”. Available from www.emdat.be (accessed 4 August 2017). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters EM-DAT. “Classification”. Avail- able from www.emdat.be/classification (accessed 4 August 2017). Commission of the European Communities (2009). “GDP and Beyond”. Available from
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0433:FIN:EN :PDF (accessed 4 August 2017). Convention on Biological Diversity (1992). “Article 2. Use of terms”. Available from
www.cbd.int/convention/articles/default.shtml?a=cbd-02 (accessed 4 August 2017). Convention on Biological Diversity. Background. Available from www.cbd.int/reports
/national.shtml (accessed 4 August 2017). Convention on Biological Diversity. COP 5 Decision V/6, paragraph A.1. Available from www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=7148 (accessed 4 August 2017). Convention on Biological Diversity. History of the Convention. Available from www.cbd .int/history/ (accessed 4 August 2017). Convention on Biological Diversity. Nagoya Protocol, About the Nagoya Protocol. Avail- able from www.cbd.int/abs/about/default.shtml (accessed 4 August 2017). Convention on Biological Diversity. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, includ - ing Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Available from www.cbd.int/sp/ (accessed 4 August 2017). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2008). “Non-detriment findings”. Available from https://cites.unia.es/cites/file
.php/1/files/guide-CITES-NDFs-en.pdf (accessed 14 August 2017). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2011). Guidelines for the preparation and submission of CITES annual reports. Available Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)208 from https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/notif/2011/E019A.pdf (accessed
4 August 2017). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Available from https://cites.org/eng/disc/text.php (accessed 4 August 2017). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. CITES Trade Database. Available from https://cites.org/eng/disc/text.php (accessed 4 August 2017). Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. “About CMS”. Available from www.cms.int/en (accessed 4 August 2017). Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. National Reports. Available from www.cms.int/en/documents/national-reports (accessed
4 August 2017). Dietz, Simon and Neumayer, Eric (2007). “Weak and strong sustainability in the SEEA: concepts and measurement”. Ecological Economics, 61 (4). pp. 617-626.
Available from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3058/1/Weak_and_strong_sustainability
in_the_SEEA%28LSERO%29.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). European Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank (2017). System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012: Applica- tions and Extensions . Available from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting
/seeaRev/ae_final_en.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank (2009). System of National Accounts 2008 . Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd
/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). European Commission, Joint Research Centre Scientific and Technical Reports (2011). “Soil Protection Activities and Soil Quality Monitoring in South Eastern Europe.” Available from http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/eusoils_docs/other/ EUR24889.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). European Commission, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank (2014). System of Environmental-Economic Account- ing 2012: Experimental Ecosystem Accounting. Available from http://unstats.un.org /unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/eea_final_en.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). European Commission. “Environment—International Issues, Multilateral Environment Agreements”. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues /agreements_en.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). European Environment Agency (2003). Environmental Indicators: Typology and Use in Reporting. Chapter 3.1. Available from http://www.iwrms.uni-jena.de/fileadmin
/Geoinformatik/projekte/brahmatwinn/Workshops/FEEM/Indicators/EEA_ Working_paper_DPSIR.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). European Statistical System (2011). “Measuring Progress, Well-being and Sustainable Development”. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/42577
/43503/SpG-Final-report-Progress-wellbeing-and-sustainable-deve (accessed 4 August 2017). European Union. Treaties Office Database, Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1992. Available from http://ec.europa.eu
209References 209 /world/agreements/prepareCreateTreatiesWorkspace/treatiesGeneralData.do?step =0&redirect=true&treatyId=543 (accessed 4 August 2017). Eurostat (2009). “The environmental goods and services sector”. Eurostat Meth - odologies and Working Papers. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
/documents/3859598/5910217/KS-RA-09-012-EN.PDF/01d1733e-46b6-4da8-92e6 -766a65d7fd60?version=1.0 (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1997). “Land quality indica- tors and their use in sustainable agriculture and rural development, Indicators of Sustainable Development of Fisheries”, Appendix 2. Available from www.fao.org
/docrep/W4745E/w4745e0f.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1997). “Rural Aquaculture: Overview and Framework for Country Reviews”. Available from www.fao.org
/docrep/003/x6941e/x6941e04.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1998). “World Reference Base for Soil Resources”. Available from www.fao.org/docrep/W8594E/w8594e03. htm#elements (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2000). “Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 Main Report”. Available from ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep /fao/003/y1997E/frA%202000%20Main%20report.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2000). Land Cover Classi - fication System . Available from www.fao.org/docrep/003/x0596e/x0596e00.htm
(accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2002). “Codex Alimenta - rius. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme”. Available from www.fao.org
/docrep/005/y2772e/y2772e04.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2005). “Land Cover Classifi- cation System concepts and user manual”. Available from www.fao.org/docrep/008 /y7220e/y7220e00.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2006). “Livestock impacts on the environment”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Main Report . Available from www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e
/i1757e.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011). “Crops Statistics— Concepts, definitions and classifications”. Available from www.fao.org/fileadmin
/templates/ess/ess_test_folder/documents/Production_trade/definitions/Crops
statistics_concepts_definitions_classifications.doc (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011). Global food losses and food waste: extent, causes and prevention . Available from www.fao.org/docrep/014 /mb060e/mb060e00.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2012). Sixth Session of the Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, CGRFA/WG-PGR-6/12/2 Rev.1, Targets and indicators for plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Available from www.fao.org/fileadmin
/templates/agphome/documents/PGR/ITWG/ITWG6/working_docs/CGRFA
-WG-PGR-6.12.2_Rev.1.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)210 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013). “Agri-Environmental Indicators”. Available from http://faostat.fao.org/site/674/default.aspx (accessed
4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2014). “Agri-Environmen - tal Indicators available within FAOSTAT”. Available from http://faostat3.fao.org
/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/E/*/E (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2014). Aquastat. Available from www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ISRIC-World Soil Information, Institute of Soil Science —Chinese Academy of Sciences, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (2012). Harmonized World Soil Database, Version 1.2”. Available from http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/External-World-soil-database
/HWSD_Documentation.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics, Handbook of Fishery Statistical Standards”. Available from ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/cwp/handbook/annex/AnnexB1CatchConcepts .pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “International Standard Sta- tistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants”. Available from ftp://ftp.fao
.org/fi/document/cwp/handbook/annex/AnnexS2listISSCAAP2000.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Global Water Partnership (2012). “What is IWRM?” Available from www.gwp.org/en
/GWP-CEE/about/why/what-is-iwrm/ (accessed 4 August 2017). Government Accountability Office (2004). “Geospatial Information: Better Coordination Needed to Identify and Reduce Duplicative Investments”. Available from www.gao .gov/assets/250/243133.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics, and the Environment. “The State of the Nation’s Ecosystems 2008: Measuring the Lands, Waters, and Living Resources of the United States”. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2008. HELCOM, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 136, HELCOM core indicators, Final report of the HELCOM CORESET project. Available from http://helcom.fi
/Lists/Publications/BSEP136.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Organization. Available from www.ipcc
.ch/organization/organization.shtml (accessed 4 August 2017). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Introduction to the 2006 guidelines. Available from www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/1_Volume1/V1_1_Ch1_Introduction .pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report”. Available from www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms1.html (accessed 4 August 2017). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Fourth Assessment Report (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press. Available from www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4_wg2_full_report .pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). 211References 211 International Expert Workshop on the 2010 Biodiversity Indicators and Post-2010 Indicator Development. Available from www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/ind/emind-02 /official/emind-02-08d-en.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). International Maritime Organization. Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pol - lution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter. Available from www.imo.org
/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Convention-on-the-Prevention
-of-Marine-Pollution-by-Dumping-of-Wastes-and-Other-Matter.aspx (accessed
4 August 2017). International Maritime Organization. Council 105th Session, Agenda Item 3(a), Strategy and Planning, (a) Monitoring of performance, Review of data measured against the performance indicators. Available from www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre
/ShipsAndShippingFactsAndFigures/Statisticalresources/Documents/IMO%20 Performance%20indicators%20C_105-3(a)-1[1].pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). International Maritime Organization. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Available from www.imo.org/About/Conventions /ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of
-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx (accessed 4 August 2017). International Statistical Institute (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms , Yadolah Dodge ed., Oxford University Press. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. History: Evolution of the Treaty. Available from www.planttreaty.org/content/history
-evolution-treaty (accessed 4 August 2017). The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The Importance of the International Treaty. Available from www.planttreaty.org/ (accessed 4 August 2017). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Species Sur - vival Commission (2010). Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels (Version 4.0). Available from http://s3.amazonaws.com /iucnredlist-newcms/staging/public/attachments/3101/reg_guidelines_en.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Species Survival Commission, “Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria”, Version 13 (March 2017), available from http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/ RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Species Survival Commission. “2001 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 3.1”. Available from www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria/2001
-categories-criteria (accessed 4 August 2017). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. IUCN Protected Areas Categories System . Available from www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/ about/categories (accessed 4 August 2017). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis, Washington, D.C., Island Press. Available from www.millenniumassessment
.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (2000). Available from http://ozone.unep.org/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)212 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. “Global Climate Change. Vital Signs of the Planet”. Available from http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ (accessed 4 August 2017). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1993). Environment Mon- ographs, No. 83. “OECD Core Set of Indicators for Environmental Performance Reviews”. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2014). “OECD Green Growth Studies: Green Growth Indicators 2014”. Available from www.oecd.org
/greengrowth/greengrowthindicators.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). The Ramsar Convention (2005). Resolutions on the Ninth Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties—Resolution IX.1 Annex A. Available from http://ramsar
.rgis.ch/cda/en/ramsar-documents-resol-resolution-ix-1-annex-a/main/ramsar
/1-31-107%5E23536_4000_0_ (accessed 4 August 2017). The Ramsar Convention. Available from http://ramsar.rgis.ch/cda/en/ramsar-documents- texts-convention-on/main/ramsar/1-31-38%5E20671_4000_0_ (accessed 4 August 2017). The Ramsar Convention. National Reports. Available from http://ramsar.rgis.ch
/cda/en/ramsar-documents-natl-rpts-national-reports-cop12/main/ramsar
/1-31-121-592_4000_0__ (accessed 4 August 2017). Rapport, David and Friend, Anthony (1979). “Towards a Comprehensive Framework for Environment Statistics: a Stress-response Approach”, Ottawa, Statistics Canada. Rotterdam Convention (2010). “Database of Import Responses”. Available from www.pic .int/Procedures/ImportResponses/Database/tabid/1370/language/en-US/Default
.aspx (accessed 4 August 2017). Rotterdam Convention (2010). “Form and Instructions”. Available from www.pic.int
/Procedures/ImportResponses/FormandInstructions/tabid/1165/language/en-US
/Default.aspx (accessed 4 August 2017). Rotterdam Convention. Available from www.pic.int/TheConvention/Overview/Textof
theConvention/tabid/1048/language/en-US/Default.aspx (accessed 4 August 2017). Stiglitz, Joseph, The Stiglitz Report: Reforming the International Monetary and Financial Systems in the Wake of the Global Crisis, New York, The New Press, 2010. Stockholm Convention on POPs (2008). Electronic Reporting System. Available from http://chm.pops.int/Countries/Reporting/ElectronicReportingSystem/tabid/3669
/Default.aspx (accessed 4 August 2017). Stockholm Convention on POPs (2009). “Clearing-house mechanism for informa - tion exchange on persistent organic pollutants”. Available from http://chm.pops
.int/Portals/0/Repository/COP4/UNEP-POPS-COP.4-19.English.PDF (accessed
4 August 2017). Stockholm Convention on POPs. Available from http://chm.pops.int/Convention
/ConventionText/tabid/2232/language/en-GB/Default.aspx (accessed 4 August 2017). Sustainable Energy for All (2013). Available from www.se4all.org/ (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations (1992). “Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development”, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, Annex I. Available from www
.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). 213References 213 United Nations (1992). “Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development”, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, Annex III. Available from www
.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-3annex3.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations (2002). “Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development”, Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002. Available from www.un-documents.net
/jburgdec.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations (2002). “Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development”, Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002. Available from www
.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations (2012). Rio+20 outcome document, “The Future We Want”. Avail - able from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html (accessed
4 August 2017). United Nations (2014). The Secretary-General’s High-level Group on Sustainable Energy for All. Available from www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/l/2013/09/9-2012- SE4ALL-ReportoftheCo-Chairs.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations “Agenda 21”, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992. Available from http://sustainabledevelopment. un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Conference on Small Island Developing States. The Samoa Pathway. Available from www.sids2014.org/index.php?menu=1537 (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992. Avail - able from http://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1992/06/19920605%2008-44%20PM
/Ch_XXVII_08p.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Available from www.un.org/Depts
/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Available from www.unccd.int
/en/about-the-convention/Pages/Text-overview.aspx (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its ninth session September to October 2009 ICCD/COP(9)/18/Add.1. Available from http://archive.unccd.int/cop/officialdocs/cop9/pdf/18add1eng.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Performance Review and Assess- ment of Implementation System (PRAIS), available from http://prais.unccd.int/ (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The Reporting Process and the UNCCD 10-Year Strategy. Available from http://www2.unccd.int/convention/ unccd-reporting-process (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2014). “Conference of European Stat- isticians Recommendations on Measuring Sustainable Development”. Available from www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/publications/2013/CES_SD_web.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2014). “Recommendations on Cli - mate Change-Related Statistics”. Available from www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)214 /stats/publications/2014/CES_CC_Recommendations.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2014). Climate change-related sta - tistics. Available from www.unece.org/stats/climate.html (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2014). Statistics on Sustainable Development. Available from www.unece.org/stats/sustainable-development.html (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Introduction, About the UNECE Water Convention. Available from www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Water Convention, About the Con- vention, Implementation. Available from www.unece.org/env/water/partnership
/part.html (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Water Convention, The UNECE Water Convention, Helsinki, 17 March 1992. Available from www.unece.org/env
/water.html (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/Eurostat (2009). Measuring Sustainable Development. Available from www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/publications
/Measuring_sustainable_development.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2003). Handbook for Estimating the Socio-economic and Environmental Effects of Disas - ters. LC/MEX/G.5 UNECLAC Mexico Office. Available from www.eclac.cl/cgi-bin /getProd.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/4/12774/P12774.xml&xsl=/mexico/tpl-i
/p9f.xsl&base=/mexico/tpl/top-bottom.xsl (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2009). Methodological Guide for Developing Environmental and Sustainable Development Indicators in Latin American and Caribbean Countries. Manuales series No.  61. Available from www.cepal.org
/es/publicaciones/5502-guia-metodologica-desarrollar-indicadores-ambientales
-desarrollo-sostenible (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2014). Handbook for Disaster Assessment . LC/L.3691. Available from www.cepal.org
/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/4/52674/P52674.xml&xsl=/ publicaciones/ficha.xsl&base=/publicaciones/top_publicaciones.xsl (accessed
4 August 2017). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2014). World Water Assessment Programme. Available from www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences /environment/water/wwap/facts-and-figures/all-facts-wwdr3/fact2-agricultural
-use/ (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. World Heritage Con- vention. Available from http://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. World Heritage Convention. Periodic Reporting. Available from http://whc.unesco.org/en
/periodicreporting/ (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Environment Programme (2010). “Our Planet, September 2010”. 215References 215 United Nations Environment Programme (2012). “Measuring Progress Towards an Inclu- sive Green Economy”. Available from www.unep.org/greeneconomy/sites/unep
.org.greeneconomy/files/publications/measuring_progress_report.pdf (accessed
4 August 2017). United Nations Environment Programme. “Data Access Centre” (2014). Available from http://ozone.unep.org/en/ods_data_access_centre/ (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Environment Programme. “Data Reporting and Tools” (2014). Available from http://ozone.unep.org/en/data-reporting/data-reporting-and-tools (accessed
4 August 2017). United Nations Environment Programme. “Green Economy Report: A Preview”. Available from www.unep.ch/etb/publications/Green%20Economy/GER%20 Preview%20v2.0.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Environment Programme. “Persistent Organic Pollutants”. Available from http://drustage.unep.org/chemicalsandwaste/what-we-do/science-and-risk
/persistent-organic-pollutants-pops/ (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Environment Programme. Environment for Development—Climate Change Mitigation. Available from www.unep.org/climatechange/mitigation/ (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Available from https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf
/application/pdf/conveng.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2011). “Report of the Con- ference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Available from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16
/eng/07a01.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2013). “Glossary of Climate Change Acronyms”. Available from http://unfccc.int/essential_background
/glossary/items/3666.php#A (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014). Doha Amendment. Available from http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/doha_amendment/items/7362
.php (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014). Kyoto Protocol. Avail- able from http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. “Climate Change Infor - mation Sheet 1”. Available from http://unfccc.int/cop3/fccc/climate/fact01.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Essential Background, The Convention and the Protocol. Available from http://unfccc.int/essential_ background/items/6031.php (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Greenhouse Gas Inven - tory Data. Available from http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/3800.php (accessed
4 August 2017). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. National Reports. Available from http://unfccc.int/national_reports/items/1408.php (accessed 4 August 2017). Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)216 United Nations Statistical Commission (2012). “Report on the Forty-third Session, Eco- nomic and Social Council, Official Records 2012, Supplement No. 4”. Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/sc2012.htm (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (1984). A Framework for the Development of Environ- ment Statistics . Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesM
/SeriesM_78e.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (1988). Concepts and Methods of Environment Statistics: Human Settlements Statistics—A Technical Report . Available from http://unstats
.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesF/SeriesF_51e.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (1991). Concepts and Methods of Environment Sta - tistics: Statistics of the Natural Environment—A Technical Report . Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesF/SeriesF_57E.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (1993). Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (interim version). Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd
/publication/SeriesF/SeriesF_61E.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (1999). Standard Statistical Classifications: Basic Principles. Available from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/class/family/basicprinciples _1999.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (2000). Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting—An Operational Manual . Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd
/publication/SeriesF/SeriesF_78E.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (2008). “Central Product Classification, Ver. 2”. Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/cpc-2.asp (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (2008). International Standard Industrial Classifica - tion of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Rev. 4 . Available from http://unstats.un.org /unsd/cr/registry/isic-4.asp (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (2011). International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (draft version). Available from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires
/IRES_edited2.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (2012). International Recommendations for Water Statistics. Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/irws/irws
webversion.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division (2012). System of Environmental-Economic Accounts for Water (SEEA-Water). Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting /seeaw/seeawaterwebversion.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division, Expert Group Meeting on the Revision of the FDES (2010). “Criteria for a Conceptual Framework for Developing Environment Statistics”, Robert Smith and Michael Bordt, Statistics Canada. Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/fdes/EGM1/EGM-FDES.1.14-Criteria%20 for%20a%20Conceptual%20Framework%20for%20Developing%20Environment% 20Statistics%20-%20Robert%20Smith%20&%20Michael%20Bordt.pdf (accessed
4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division. International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Rev. 3 . Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd
/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=2 (accessed 4 August 2017). 217References 217 United Nations Statistics Division. “Millennium Development Goals Indicators. Indicator 7.8 Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source”. Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=665 (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division. “Millennium Development Goals Indicators. Indi - cator 7.9 Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility”. Avail - able from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=31 (accessed
4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division. “Millennium Development Goals Indicators, Indi - cator 7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slums”. Available from http:// mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=32 (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division. Expert Group on the Revision of the UN FDES. Avail- able from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/fdes/fdes_egm.htm (accessed
4 August 2017). United Nations Statistics Division. Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics. Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/dnss/gp/fundprinciples.aspx (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Treaty Series. Chapter XXI, Law of the Sea, Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas. Available from https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI
-3&chapter=21&lang=en (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations Treaty Series. Volume 559, p. 285. Available from https://treaties.un.org/ doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20559/v559.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations, European Union, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the World Bank (2014). System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012—Central Framework. Available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd
/envaccounting/seeaRev/SEEA_CF_Final_en.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations, European Union, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the World Bank (2014). System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012—Central Framework, “Classification of Environmental Activities, contained in the SEEA Central Framework”. Available from http://unstats.un.org
/unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/SEEA_CF_Final_en.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). United Nations, World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future, Oxford University Press. United States Department of Agriculture. “The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy”. Avail- able from www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_051232. pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (2010-2011). Available from http://ozone.unep.org/en/treaties-and-decisions/vienna-convention-protection- ozone-layer (accessed 4 August 2017). World Health Organization (2006). Air Quality Guidelines—Global Update 2005, Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Available from www .euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/78638/E90038.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 4 August 2017). Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)218 World Health Organization (2006). Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, Global Update 2005, Summary of risk assessment” Available from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE
_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 4 August 2017). World Health Organization (2006). Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments. Towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease . Available from www
.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf (accessed
4 August 2017). World Health Organization (2009). “The Resilience of Water Supply and Sanitation in the Face of Climate Change. Summary and Policy Implications Vision 2030”. Available from www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/9789241598422_cdrom
/en/ (accessed 4 August 2017). World Health Organization (2010). “10 Facts on Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments”. Available from www.who.int/features/factfiles/environmental
-disease-burden/en/ (accessed 4 August 2017). World Health Organization (2011). “International Classification of Diseases”. Available from www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ (accessed 4 August 2017). World Health Organization (2013). Fact Sheet 266, “Climate Change and Health”. Avail- able from www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/index.html (accessed
4 August 2017). World Health Organization (2014). “Health topics—Environmental health”. Available from www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en (accessed 4 August 2017). World Health Organization (2014). “Metrics: Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)”. Available from www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/ (accessed 4 August 2017). World Health Organization Indicator and Measurement Registry (IMR, version 1.6.0), Indicator: “Mortality and burden of disease attributable to the environment”, avail- able from http://apps.who.int/gho/indicatorregistry/App_Main/view_indicator
.aspx?iid=2393 (accessed 4 August 2017). 219 Glossary Note to the user This glossary aims to provide an easily accessible alphabetic list of selected terms used in the FDES. These terms originate in the FDES with particular or distinct attributes. They occur at different levels of complexity and provide context and supplementary information in diverse ways. The terms are presented here along with the paragraph numbers in which they appear in the text of the FDES. Each term is accompanied by an explanation which may represent an actual definition or a simple description or may provide other relevant contextual information considered useful in furthering understanding. For practical purposes, the original institutional references for the definitions of the terms are excluded from this list. However, in each instance they may be found in the original paragraph of the FDES cited at the end of the entry. In some cases, terms which have been separated from their original context have a recontextualized explanation or supplemental content found in other paragraphs in order to enrich the explanation provided. The wording in this list may thus vary slightly from that used in the text of the FDES. A Afforestation is the establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land that, until then, was not classified as forest. It implies a transformation from non-forest to forest. From a resource accounting perspective, afforestation is defined by SEEA-CF as the increase in the stock of forest and other wooded land either due to the establishment of new forest on land that was previously not classified as forest land, or as a result of silvicultural measures such as planting and seeding. (paras. 3.109 and 3.119) Agri-environmental indicators (AEI) are indicators able to describe and assess state and trends in the environmental performance of agriculture to furnish useful indications to scientists and policymakers about the state of the environment, about the effects of different policies, as well as about the efficiency in the use of budgets in terms of environmental outcomes. (para. 5.67 and 5.68) Airborne diseases and conditions associated with the environment are caused or worsened by exposure to unhealthy levels of pollutants (such as PM, SO2 or O3), usually found in urban settlements and, in particular, in cities with weaker air quality regulations and/or enforcement capabilities. (para. 3.248) Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. (para. 3.127) Aquatic resources comprise fish, crustaceans, molluscs, shellfish, aquatic mammals and other aquatic organisms that are considered to live within the boundaries of the Exclusive Economic Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)220 Zone (EEZ) of a country throughout their life cycles, including both coastal and inland fisher- ies. Migrating and straddling fish stocks are considered to belong to a given country during the period when those stocks inhabit its EEZ. (para. 3.123) B Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part, including diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. It is also a measure of ecosystem health. (para. 3.23) Biological resources are renewable resources that are capable of regeneration through natu - ral (non-managed or managed) processes. Biological resources include timber and aquatic resources and a range of other animal and plant resources (such as livestock, orchards, crops and wild animals), fungi and bacteria. (para. 3.114) Biome: A biome is a distinct community of plants, animals or fungi that occupy a distinct region. It is often referred to as an ecosystem. (para. 3.33) Biota is defined as all animal and plant life of a particular region or time. Biotic (living) factors function with the abiotic (non-living) factors to form a complex unit such as an ecosystem. (para. 3.35) C Climate change is a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activ- ity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. Climate change occurs through a chain of events and can be observable at all levels, from local to global. Climate process driv - ers are GHG emissions associated with current production and consumption patterns, which depend heavily on fossil fuels for energy and transportation. (paras. 5.26 and 5.30) Climate change adaptation is an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits benefi - cial opportunities. (paras. 5.30 and 5.33) Climate change evidence refers to the different processes that substantiate the occurrence of changing climate patterns at the global, regional and local levels. The evidence of global warm- ing and climate change is unequivocal, including global temperature rise, extreme events, sea level rise, shrinking ice sheets and glacial retreat. (para. 5.30) Climate change mitigation refers to efforts to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions and may involve using new technologies, incorporating and increasing renewable energies, making older equipment more energy efficient and changing management practices or con - sumer behaviour. Protecting natural carbon sinks like forests and oceans, or creating new sinks through silviculture or green agriculture, are also elements of mitigation. (para. 5.31) Climate change-related statistics (according to UNECE) refer to environmental, social and economic data that measure the human causes of climate change, the impacts of climate change on human and natural systems, and the efforts by humans to avoid and adapt to these conse- quences. (para. 5.35) Corporate, non-profit institution and household environmental protection and resource management expenditure includes corporate, non-profit institution and household environ- mental expenditure whose primary aim is to protect the environment and manage its resources. 221 Glossary 221 Statistics on this topic usually require the use of specific surveys of establishments in different sectors and industries. (para. 3.269) Crops refer to plants or agricultural produce grown for food or other economic purposes, such as clothes or livestock fodder (ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, Division 01). (para. 3.131) Cultivated biological resources cover animal resources yielding repeat products and tree, crop and plant resources yielding repeat products whose natural growth and regeneration are under the direct control, responsibility and management of an institutional unit. (para. 3.116) D Deforestation is the conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 per cent threshold. Deforestation implies the long- term or permanent loss of forest cover and implies transformation into another land use. Such a loss can only be caused and maintained by a continued human-induced or natural perturba­ tion. Deforestation includes areas of forest converted to agriculture, pasture, water reservoirs and urban areas. The term specifically excludes areas where the trees have been removed as a result of harvesting or logging, and where the forest is expected to regenerate naturally or with the aid of silvicultural measures. From a resource accounting perspective, deforestation is defined by SEEA-CF as the decrease in the stock of forest and other wooded land due to the complete loss of tree cover and transfer of forest land to other uses (e.g., use as agricultural land, land under buildings, roads, etc.) or to no identifiable use. (paras. 3.109 and 3.119) Depletion, in physical terms, is the decrease in the quantity of the stock of a natural resource over an accounting period that is due to the extraction of the natural resource by economic units occurring at a level greater than that of regeneration. (para. 3.78) Disasters are unforeseen and often sudden events that cause great damage, destruction and human suffering. They often exceed local response capacities and require external assistance at the national or international level. A disaster is often described as a result of exposure to an extreme event. Depending on their cause, disasters can be both natural and technological. (para. 3.195) Dissipative losses are material residues that are an indirect result of production and consump­ tion activity. (para. 3.160) Dissipative uses of products cover products that are deliberately released to the environment as part of production processes. (para. 3.159) Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework is an analytical frame­ work that is based on the causal relationship between its D-P-S-I-R components. Driving forces are the socioeconomic and sociocultural forces driving human activities, which increase or mitigate pressures on the environment. Pressures are the stresses that human activities place on the environment. State, or state of the environment, is the condition of the environment. Impacts are the effects of environmental degradation. Responses refer to the responses by society to the environmental situation. (para. 2.41) E Economic territory is the area under the effective control of a single government. It includes the land area of a country, including islands, airspace, territorial waters and territorial enclaves in the rest of the world. Economic territory excludes territorial enclaves of other countries and international organizations located in the reference country. (para. 1.49)

Page 48 of 50