197 197 Classifications and environment statistics Classification of environmental activities D.4. The CEPA has been in place since 2000, covering the classes of activities pertaining to environmental protection. Subsequent work to develop an overarching CEA that incorporates the SEPA and an interim listing of resource management activities has been undertaken. The CEA classification has been developed as part of the SEEA-CF.229 229 Ibid. I. Environmental Protection
- Protection of ambient air and climate 1.1 Prevention of pollution through in-process modifications 1.1.1 for the protection of ambient air 1.1.2 for the protection of climate and ozone layer 1.2 Treatment of exhaust gases and ventilation air 1.2.1 for the protection of ambient air 1.2.2 for the protection of climate and ozone layer 1.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like 1.4 Other activities
- Wastewater management 2.1 Prevention of pollution through in-process modifications 2.2 Sewerage networks 2.3 Wastewater treatment 2.4 Treatment of cooling water 2.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like 2.6 Other wastewater management activities
- Waste management 3.1 Prevention of pollution through in-process modifications 3.2 Collection and transport 3.3 Treatment and disposal of hazardous waste 3.3.1 Thermal treatment 3.3.2 Landfill 3.3.3 Other treatment and disposal 3.4 Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste 3.4.1 Incineration 3.4.2 Landfill 3.4.3 Other treatment and disposal 3.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like 3.6 Other waste management activities
- Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water 4.1 Prevention of pollutant infiltration 4.2 Cleaning up of soil and water bodies 4.3 Protection of soil from erosion and other physical degradation 4.4 Prevention and remediation of soil salinity 4.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like 4.6 Other activities
- Noise and vibration abate ment (excluding workplace protection) 5.1 Preventive in-process modifications at the source 5.1.1 Road and rail traffic 5.1.2 Air traffic 5.1.3 Industrial and other noise 5.2 Construction of anti-noise/vibration facilities 5.2.1 Road and rail traffic 5.2.2 Air traffic 5.2.3 Industrial and other noise 5.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like 5.4 Other activities
- Protection of biodiversity and landscapes 6.1 Protection and rehabilitation of species and habitats 6.2 Protection of natural and semi-natural landscapes 6.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like 6.4 Other activities
- Protection against radiation (excluding external safety) 7.1 Protection of ambient media 7.2 Transport and treatment of high level radioactive waste 7.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like 7.4 Other activities Table D.3 Classification of Environmental Activities
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 198 I. Environmental Protection 8. Research and development for environmental protection 8.1 Protection of ambient air and climate 8.1.1 Protection of ambient air 8.1.2 Protection of atmosphere and climate 8.2 Protection of water 8.3 Waste 8.4 Protection of soil and groundwater 8.5 Abatement of noise and vibration 8.6 Protection of species and habitats 8.7 Protection against radiation 8.8 Other research on the environment 9. Other environmental protection activities 9.1 General environmental administration and management 9.1.1 General administration, regulation and the like 9.1.2 Environmental management 9.2 Education, training and information 9.3 Activities leading to indivisible expenditure 9.4 Activities n.e.c. II. Resource management (interim) 10. Management of mineral and energy resources 10.1 Reduction of the intake of mineral and energy resources 10.2 Reduction of minerals use through the reduction of scraps and the production and consumption of recycled materials and products and reduction of heat and energy losses and energy savings 10.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like related to mineral and energy resources 10.4 Other activities for the management of mineral and energy resources 11. Management of timber resources 11.1 Reduction of the intake of timber resources 11.2 Reduction of the consumption of forest (wood and non- wood)-related products 11.3 Reforestation and afforestation 11.4 Forest fires 11.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like related to natural timber resources 11.6 Other activities for the management of timber resources 12. Management of aquatic resources 12.1 Reduction of the intake of aquatic resources 12.2 Replenishment of aquatic resources stocks 12.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like related to aquatic resources 12.4 Other activities for the management of aquatic resources 13. Management of other biological resources (excl. timber and aquatic resources) 13.1 Reduction of the intake of biological resources (excl. timber and aquatic resources) 13.2 Replenishment of biological resources stocks (excl. timber and aquatic resources) 13.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like related to biological resources stocks (excl. timber and aquatic resources) 13.4 Other activities for the management of biological resources (excl. timber and aquatic resources) 14. Management of water resources 14.1 Reduction of the intake of water resources 14.2 Reduction of water losses and leaks, water reuse and savings 14.3 Replenishment of water resources 14.4 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like related to water resources 14.5 Other activities for the management of water resources 15. Research and development activities for resource manage ment 15.1 Mineral and energy resources 15.2 Timber resources 15.3 Aquatic resources 15.4 Other biological resources 15.5 Water resources 15.6 Other R&D activities for natural resource management 16. Other resource management activities 16.1 General administration of natural resources 16.1.1 General administration, regulation and the like 16.1.2 Environmental management 16.2 Education, training and information 16.3 Activities leading to indivisible expenditure 16.4 Activities n.e.c. Table D.3 (continued) Classification of Environmental Activities
199 Classifications and environment statistics 199 D.5. Environment statistics classifications developed and adopted by the Statistical Division of the UNECE between 1989 and 1996 have been used extensively for international data col lection. The UNECE environment statistics classifications are heterogeneous and are not pure classifications in the traditional sense; most of them include more than one single hierarchical classification. They also include recommendations for definitions, measurement methods and tabulations. These classifications include: i. UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Water Use (1989); ii. UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Marine Water Quality (1992)—See Table D.4; iii. UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Surface Freshwater Quality for the Maintenance of Aquatic Life (1992)—See Table D.5; iv. UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Land Use (1989); v. UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Wastes (1989); vi. UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Ambient Air Quality (1990)—See Table D.6; vii. UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Flora, Fauna and Biotopes (1996); and viii. Single European Standard Statistical Classification of Environment Protection Activities and Facilities (1994). Many of these classifications have been revised and taken over to be included in more recent classifications such as those on land cover, land use and environment protection activities (see Tables D.1-3). The following Tables 4-6 contain the UNECE classifications that are still in use in environment statistics and have global relevance. Classification of marine water quality Table D.4 UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Marine Water Quality (1992) Oxygen regime Major criteria: Oxygen content in marine bottom waters Class interpretation: Class I: Excellent oxygen conditions for the maintenance of aquatic life. Class II: Good oxygen conditions for the maintenance of aquatic life. Class III: Slight oxygen deficiencies cause occasional formation of hydrogen sulphide. Class IV: Chronic deficiencies of oxygen and frequent occurrence of hydrogen sulphide impair reproduction and cause other sublethal chronic impacts to aquatic life. Class V: Frequent oxygen depletion leads to toxic levels of hydrogen sulphide with acute sublethal or lethal effects for aquatic life. Eutrophication Major criteria: Trophic state of marine surface water and the best available expert judge ment regarding the impact of trophic state on aquatic life Class interpretation: Class I: Oligotrophic Class II: Mesothrophic Class III: Slightly eutrophic Class IV: Strongly eutrophic Class V: Hypertrophic Pollution by harmful substances Major criteria: Toxicological impact on aquatic life as established by US-EPA. Class interpretation: Class I: Approximate natural level or very low background contamination. Class II: [To be determined in accordance with the absence of observable effects (“no observable effects”) on aquatic life.] Class III: [To be determined in accordance with occurrence of lowest observable effects on aquatic life, not exceeding threshold levels in species.] Class IV: Chronic toxicity Class V: Acute toxicity Pollution by radioactivity Major criteria: [to be determined] Class interpretation: [To be determined]
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)200
Classification of surface freshwater quality
Table D.5
UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Surface Freshwater Quality for the Maintenance of Aquatic Life (1992)
Oxygen regime
Oxygen content, together with
presence of oxygen-demanding
substances, and the impact of oxygen
content levels on aquatic life
Class interpretation:
Class I: Constant near-saturation of oxygen content. Insignificant presence of oxygen demanding substances from the point of
view of aquatic life.
Class II: The oxygen saturation of water is good. Oxygen-demanding substances do not normally disturb oxygen saturation.
Class III: Oxygen deficiencies may occur in the hypolimnion. The presence of oxygen-demanding substances risks sometimes
considerable negative impacts on aquatic life through the reduction of oxygen content.
Class IV: Oversaturation of oxygen or oxygen deficiency occur in the epilimnion and oxygen deficiencies are frequent in the
hypolimnion, possibly owing to chronic problems with the presence of oxygen- demanding substances.
Class V: Acute problems occur in oxygen regime, i.e. oversaturation or oxygen deficiency in the epilimnion, and oxygen defi -
ciency leading to anaerobic conditions in the hypolimnion. The high level of presence of oxygen-demanding substances may
equally cause acute oxygen deficiencies.
Eutrophication
Major criteria:
Trophic state and best available expert
judgement regarding the impact of
trophic state on aquatic life, maintain-
ing consistency between the three
variables
Class interpretation:
Class I: Clear, oligotrophic water with, at most, a very slight, occasional anthropogenic pollution with organic matter.
Low nutrient content, provides spawning grounds for salmonids.
Class II: Slightly polluted, mesotrophic water receiving small discharges of organic matter. The loadings may lead to slightly
increased primary productivity.
Class III: Moderately eutrophic water receiving considerable amounts of discharges of organic matter and nutrients. The level of
primary production is considerable and some changes in community structure, including fish species, can be observed.
Class IV: Strongly eutrophic, polluted water, receiving discharges of organic matter, nutrients, and harmful substances. Algal
blooms are common. Increased decomposition of organic matter together with stratification of water bodies may entail anaero-
bic conditions and fish kills. Mass occurrences of more tolerant species; populations of fish and benthic organisms are affected.
Class V: Extensively polluted, hypertrophic water. Decomposers dominate over producers. Fish or benthic species do not occur
permanently.
Acidification
Major criteria:
Toxicological impact of acidity on
aquatic life as established in US-EPA
practices
Class interpretation:
Class I: The buffering capacity of the water is very good.
Class II: The buffering capacity of the water is good.
Class III: The buffering capacity is weak but keeps the acidity of the water at levels still suitable for most fish.
Class IV: The buffering capacity is exceeded, leading to levels of acidity which affect the development of spawn.
Class V: The water is without buffering capacity and its acidity is toxic for fish species.
Metals
Major criteria:
Toxicological impact on aquatic life as
established in US-EPA practices
Class interpretation:
Class I: No anthropogenic pollution with inorganic matter.
Class II: Concentrations are below midpoint between natural and chronically toxic levels.
Class III: Concentrations are above midpoint between natural and chronically toxic levels.
Class IV: Excursions beyond chronic criteria concentrations occur, but do not establish chronically toxic conditions in terms of
concentration levels, duration or frequency.
Class V: Excursions beyond chronic criteria concentrations allow acutely toxic conditions in terms of concentration levels,
duration or frequency.
Chlorinated micropollutants and
other hazardous substances
Major criteria:
Toxicological impact on aquatic life as
established in US-EPA practices
Class interpretation:
Class I: Not applicable
Class II: Not applicable
Class III: Loadings are evident, but concentrations are below chronic and acute criteria levels.
Class IV: Excursions beyond chronic criteria concentrations occur, but do not establish chronically toxic conditions in terms of
concentration levels, duration or frequency.
Class V: Excursions beyond chronic criteria concentrations allow acutely toxic conditions in terms of concentration levels, dura-
tion or frequency.
Radioactivity
Major criteria:
Toxicological impact on aquatic life
Class interpretation:
[To be determined after experience is gained through data collection and interpretation.]
201
Classifications and environment statistics
201
b United Nations Statistics Divi
sion. International Standard
Industrial Classification of All
Economic Activities, Rev. 3,
available from http://unstats.
un.org/unsd/cr/registry/
regcst.asp?Cl=2 (accessed 4
August 2017).
Classification of ambient air quality
Table D.6
UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Ambient Air Quality (1990)
Chemicals and their relevance in measurement estimation
E
CI
CB
G
- Sulphur compounds 1.1 Sulphur oxides (incl. emissions of hydrogen sulphide) X X X 1.2 Particulate sulphate X X
- Oxidized nitrogen compounds and oxidants 2.1 NOx (excluding nitrous oxide) X X X 2.2 Nitric acid and particulate nitrate X X X 2.3 Ozone –tropospheric X X
–stratospheric X 2.4 Nitrous oxide (tropospheric) X 3. Reduced nitrogen compounds 3.1 Ammonia X X X 3.2 Particulate ammonium compounds X X X 4. Inorganic carbon compounds 4.1 Carbon monoxide X X X 4.2 Carbon dioxide X X 5. Halogens and inorganic halogen compounds X X 6. Volatile organic compounds (incl. halogenated compounds)a 6.1 Methane X X 6.2 Non methane compounds 6.2.1 Aldehydes X X X 6.2.2 CFCs X X 6.2.3 Halons X X 6.2.4 Other halogenated hydrocarbons X X 7. Heavy metals (to be specified) X X X 8. Suspended particulate matter X X X X 9. Chemical composition of precipitation water X X Emissions [tons/year]
- Emissions from stationary sources 1.1 By process 1.1.1 Combustion of fuels 1.1.1.1 In power plants 1.1.1.2 In industrial establishments, excl. power plants 1.1.1.3 In other economic activities and domestic heating 1.1.2 Other processes, incl. evaporation 1.1.2.1 In industrial sources 1.1.2.2 In non-industrial and domestic sources 1.2 By activityb 1.2.1 Agricultural etc. (ISIC 01) 1.2.2 Mining and quarrying (ISIC 10-14) 1.2.3 Manufacture of paper and paper products (ISIC 21) 1.2.4 Manufacture of coke oven products (ISIC 231) a It may become possible to add relevant dioxins (toxic poly chlorinated debenzo dioxins and furans) as a separate group under this heading once sufficiently reliable emission and/or concentra tion data become available.