162
KONSEP DEFINISI
Perikanan darat Perikanan darat meliputi aktiviti perikanan di sungai, tasik, anak sungai, kolam dan perairan lain selain daripada perairan laut,
sama ada secara semula jadi atau buatan dan milikan sendiri atau sebaliknya.
Vesel tidak berjentera Vesel tidak berjentera ialah vesel yang tidak menggunakan kuasa mekanikal sebagai kuasa penggerak.
Vesel berjentera
sangkut
Vesel berjentera sangkut ialah vesel yang menggunakan enjin mekanikal mudah alih sebagai kuasa penggerak.
Vesel berjentera dalam Vesel berjentera dalam ialah vesel yang menggunakan enjin mekanikal yang ditempatkan secara kekal di dalam vesel.
Ikan hiasan Ikan hiasan ialah ikan yang dipelihara di dalam bekas, akuarium, tangki atau kolam untuk tujuan hiasan dan bukan untuk
dimakan.
Tumbuhan akuatik Tumbuhan akuatik ialah sejenis tumbuhan yang hidup di dalam atau di atas air seperti rumpai air, rumput atau kiambang yang
biasanya diternak bersama ikan sama ada di dalam kolam, tangki atau akuarium.
Vesel Vesel merujuk kepada bot, lancang, kapal atau lain-lain vesel yang digunakan untuk menangkap ikan, akuakultur, atau aktiviti
menyedia, memproses, menyejuk beku, menyimpan, membekal dan mengangkut ikan.
Kiraan Kadar Sara Diri
(SSR)
SSR menerangkan sejauh mana bekalan komoditi pertanian sesebuah negara dapat memenuhi permintaan domestik. SSR
yang mencapai 100 peratus atau lebih menunjukkan pengeluaran adalah mencukupi untuk memenuhi keperluan domestik.
Kadar Sara Diri = Pengeluaran x 100(Pengeluaran + Import) - Eksport
Penggunaan Per
Kapita (PCC)
PCC merujuk kepada jumlah penggunaan makanan oleh setiap penduduk dalam setahun. PCC diukur dalam kilogram setahun
dan gram sehari.
Penggunaan Per Kapita
(kg/Tahun) =
Makanan (tan metrik)
x 1,000kg
Penduduk
Penggunaan Per Kapita
(g/Hari) =
Makanan (kg/tahun)
x 1,000g
365 hari
Makanan merujuk kepada jumlah makanan yang tersedia untuk kegunaan manusia dalam tempoh rujukan. Secara praktisnya,
ia merupakan baki setelah semua komponen penggunaan lain ditentukan.
Makanan = Jumlah pembekalan benih - (Benih + Makanan Ternakan + Kerugian + Prosesan)
Kadar Kebergantungan
Import (IDR)
IDR menerangkan kebergantungan sesebuah negara kepada import komoditi pertanian dalam memenuhi keperluan domestik.
Semakin tinggi IDR menunjukkan semakin banyak bekalan komoditi pertanian yang diimport.
Kadar Kebergantungan Import =
Import
x 100(Pengeluaran + Import) - Eksport
Keluaran Dalam
Negeri Kasar (KDNK)
Keluaran Dalam Negeri Kasar (KDNK) adalah jumlah nilai barangan dan perkhidmatan yang dikeluarkan dalam tempoh tertentu
selepas ditolak kos barang dan perkhidmatan yang digunakan dalam proses pengeluaran. Nilai ini merupakan nilai sebelum
ditolak nilai peruntukan bagi modal tetap; iaitu jumlah nilai ditambah pada harga pengeluar bagi pengeluar residen ditambah
dengan duti import. KDNK ini juga bersamaan dengan perbelanjaan ke atas KDNK (pada harga pembeli) iaitu jumlah bagi
semua komponen perbelanjaan akhir ke atas barangan dan perkhidmatan tolak dengan import barangan dan perkhidmatan.
Nilai ditambah Nilai ditambah adalah perbezaan antara output dan penggunaan perantaraan. Ia merupakan nilai ditambah barangan dan
perkhidmatan dalam aktiviti ekonomi. Oleh itu, ia hampir menyamai dengan keuntungan perniagaan, gaji dan upah, susut nilai
dan cukai tidak langsung; campur faedah yang dibayar dan tolak faedah yang diterima.
KDNK pada harga
malar
KDNK pada harga malar adalah nilai KDNK tanpa kesan harga. KDNK pada harga malar ini penting bagi membolehkan
perbandingan sebenar perubahan tingkat pengeluaran/kuantiti barangan dan perkhidmatan yang berlaku dalam aktiviti
ekonomi.
Import Sesuatu barang dianggap sebagai import apabila ianya dibawa masuk ke dalam negara, sama ada terus ataupun disimpan
di gudang yang dikawal tanpa mengira sama ada barang tersebut adalah untuk kegunaan sendiri, diproses, digunakan dalam
perkilangan ataupun untuk dieksport semula ke negara lain.
Eksport Sesuatu barang (keluaran atau buatan tempatan atau diimport untuk dieksport semula) dianggap sebagai eksport apabila ianya
dibawa keluar dari negara.
Imbangan
perdagangan
Imbangan perdagangan ialah perbezaan antara nilai eksport dan import. Apabila eksport melebihi import
lebihan direkodkan manakala defisit pula dicatatkan apabila import melebihi eksport.
Indeks Harga
Pengguna (IHP)
IHP mengukur perubahan peratus kos pembelian mengikut masa bagi “bakul” tetap barangan dan perkhidmatan yang mewakili
corak purata pembelian oleh sekumpulan penduduk pada sesuatu tempoh masa yang ditetapkan.
Anggaran Penduduk Anggaran penduduk adalah berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan dengan mengambil kira komponen kelahiran,
kematian dan migrasi yang meliputi penduduk warganegara dan bukan warganegara. Anggaran penduduk bagi tahun 2017
hingga 2019 adalah berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010, manakala anggaran penduduk 2020 hingga 2022
adalah berasaskan data Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2020.
Bekerja Semua orang yang bekerja sekurang-kurangnya sejam semasa minggu rujukan untuk mendapatkan upah, keuntungan atau
keuntungan keluarga sama ada sebagai majikan, pekerja, bekerja sendiri atau pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji.
Tenaga buruh Tenaga buruh merujuk kepada penduduk dalam kumpulan umur bekerja (15 - 64 tahun) sama ada bekerja atau
menganggur.
Penganggur Penganggur adalah mereka yang tidak bekerja semasa minggu rujukan dan dikelaskan kepada dua kumpulan iaitu penganggur
aktif dan penganggur tidak aktif.
Kadar pengangguran Kadar pengangguran ialah perkadaran penduduk yang menganggur kepada jumlah penduduk di dalam tenaga buruh. Kadar
ini mengukur peratus penduduk di dalam tenaga buruh yang tidak bekerja.
163
TECHNICAL NOTES
CONCEPTS DEFINITIONS Paddy parcel Paddy parcel is a piece of land which is usually used for paddy planting. Paddy parcel can be classified as Active, Miscellaneous and Idle Paddy Parcel. The conversion factors paddy to rice are based on percentages of recovery rates as follow: Peninsular Malaysia : 70 per cent Sabah : 63 per cent Sarawak : 60 per cent Cash crops Cash crops are crops that can provide quick return to the farmers. Cash crops include sweet corn, groundnuts, cassava, yam, sweet potato and sugarcane (juice). Cash crops range not more than a year from planting. Industrial plants Industrial plants are plants grown to manufacture industrial raw materials. It can be divided into several groups, such as fats (coconut) and group that produce fresheners (coffee and tea). Industrial plants are grown in large quantities with a relatively long period of planting, ranging from one year to many years. Herbal plants Herbal plants refer to shrubs that usually have soft stems and contain plenty of water. Generally means all types of plants include leaves, stems, fruits, root bark, or flowers have value to medicine, food (health and supplements), perfumes, fragrance and cosmetics industry. Spices Spices are aromatic crops used as a coloring and flavoring for culinary and ingredient industry such as nutmeg and ginger. Spices can be the seeds, fruit, root, leaf or vegetative substance used as a flavoring and seasoning or as preservatives. Granary area Granary area refers to large irrigation scheme (more than 4,000 hectares) and is recognized by the government in the National Agricultural Policy as a main area of paddy production. Non-granary area Non-granary area refers to small irrigation schemes and the outside irrigation schemes areas. Main season Main season refers to the most suitable for paddy cultivation based on the local climate (rainy season) and does not depend entirely on the irrigation system. It is defined as a period when paddy cultivation started between 1st August to 28th/ 29th February of the following year. Off-season Off-season is dry period when paddy cultivation usually depends on the irrigation system. It is defined as a period of paddy cultivation started between 1st March to 31st July of that year. Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Fruits and vegetables of the tropics are types of fruits and vegetables that thrive in tropical regions, which are located between the Equator. The tropical climate is characterized by hot temperatures throughout the year, high humidity, and strong sunlight. Tropical fruits often have characteristics such as sweet taste, soft or juicy texture, and bright colors. Tropical vegetables, on the other hand, are known for their resistance to high heat and humidity, as well as their distinctive taste and texture. Here are some examples of tropical fruits and vegetables found in Malaysia: Tropical Fruits: banana, mango, papaya, pineapple, durian, rambutan and jackfruit Tropical Vegetables: vegetables, spinach, okra, eggplant, water spinach, long beans, loofah and bitter gourd Estate Estate defined as an area, aggregating more than 40.47 hectares (100 acres), planting is permitted and is under a single legal ownership or at normally organized. Smallholding Smallholding defined as areas, aggregating equal or less than 40.47 hectares (100 acres), whether organized or unorganized. For the organized smallholdings include those under goverment scheme as follows:
- Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA); and
- Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA). Poultry Poultry is birds that are farmed for the purpose of meat, eggs, feathers and others. These include chickens, ducks, quails, geese, pigeons, turkeys, guinea fowls, ostriches, serama chickens and others. Ruminant Ruminant is four legged animal that has four-chambered stomach and is able to chew again food brought up into the mouth from its stomach. These include cows, buffaloes, goats and sheeps. Marine capture fisheries Marine capture fisheries refers to fish captured activity were operate in Malaysia fisheries water including in High Seas.
Deep sea fisheries Deep sea fisheries is marine fishing activities that exceeds 30 nautical miles from the coast except the West Coast area of Peninsular Malaysia which is exceeds 15 nautical miles. Its involves vessels that are operated in Zone C2 and Zone C3 (offshore). Inshore fisheries Marine Fishing Activities covers below 30 nautical miles from the coast except West Coast area of Peninsular Malaysia which is covers below 15 nautical miles. Involves vessels operating in Zone A, Zone B and Zone C. Aquaculture Breeding of fish seeds or fishes through fish farming that covers either full or parts of its lifecyle. Inland fisheries Inland Fisheries is fisheries activities at any rivers, lakes, tributaries, ponds and other fisheries waters beside marine whether natural or man-made and self-ownership or otherwise. Non-powered vessel Non-Powered Vessel refers to vessels that do not use mechanical power.
Outboard powered vessel Outboard Powered Vessel refers to vessels that use portable mechanical engine.
Inboard powered vessel Inboard Powered Vessel refers to vessels that use permanent mechanical engine.
164
CONCEPTS DEFINITIONS
Ornamental fish Ornamental fish refers to fish that are kept in containers, aquariums, tanks or ponds for decorative purposes and not for
consumption.
Aquatic plant Aquatic Plant is plants that float or live under water such as water weeds, underwater grasses or water lettuce that is usually
farmed with fish either in pond, tank or aquarium.
Vessel Vessel refers to boat, ship or other type of vessel that is used for fishing, aquaculture, or activity of preparing, processing, freezing,
storing, supplying and transporting fish.
Self-Sufficiency
Ratio (SSR)
SSR explains the extent to which a country›s supply of agricultural commodities to meet domestic demands. SSR that reaches
100
per cent or more indicates production is sufficient to meet domestic needs.
Self-Sufficiency Ratio = Production x 100(Production + Imports) - Exports
Per Capita
Consumption (PCC)
PCC refers to the amount of food consumed by each person per year. The PCC is measured in kilograms per year and grams
per day.
Per Capita Consumption
(kg/year) =
Food (metric tonne)
x 1,000kgPopulation
Per Capita Consumption
(g/day) =
Per capita consumption
(kg/year) x 1,000g
365 days
Food refers to the total of available for human consumption during the reference period. In practise, food is the remainder or
residual derived after all other utilization elements are determined.
Food = T otal net supply - (Seed + Feed + Loss + Processing)
Import Dependency
Ratio (IDR)
IDR explains a country’s dependence on imports of agricultural commodities to meet domestic needs. The higher IDR shows the
more supply of agricultural commodities to be imported.
Import Dependency Ratio = Import Dependency Ratio x 100(Production + Import) - Export
Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of all goods and services produced in a certain period after deducting the cost of
goods and services used up in the process of production. This value is before deducting the allowances for consumption of fixed
capital i.e. the sum of value added of resident producer in producer›s price plus import duties. GDP is equivalent to expenditure
on the GDP (in purchaser›s price ) i.e. the sum of all components of final expenditure on goods and services less imports of goods
and services.
Value added Value added is the difference between output and intermediate consumption. It represents the added value of goods and services
by economic activity. Hence, it is approximately equivalent to commercial profit, salaries and wages, depreciation and indirect
taxes; plus interest paid less interest received.
GDP at constant
prices
GDP at constant prices is the value of GDP without price effect. GDP at constant prices enables actual comparison to be made
for changes in level of production/volume of goods and services occurred in economic activity.
Imports Goods are regarded as imports when they are brought into the country either directly or into bonded warehouses, irrespective
of whether such goods are for consumption, to be processed, use in manufacturing or subsequent re-exports to other
countries.
Exports Goods (locally produced or manufactured or imported for subsequent re-exports) are regarded as exports when they are taken
out of the country.
Balance of trade The balance of trade is the difference between the value of exports and imports. When exports exceed imports it is recorded as a
surplus while a deficit is registered when imports exceed exports.
Consumer Price
Index (CPI)
The CPI measures the percentage change over time in the cost of purchasing a constant “basket” of goods and services
representing the average pattern of purchases made by a particular population group in a specified time period.
Population
Estimates
The population estimates provided are based on Population and Housing Census, considering the births, deaths and migration
components including citizen and non-citizen. The population estimates for 2017 to 2019 are based on Population and Housing
Census 2010, while the population estimates for 2020 to 2022 are based on Population and Housing Census 2020.
Employed All people who, at any time during the reference week worked at least one hour for pay, profit or family gain either as an employer,
employee, own-account worker or unpaid family worker.
Labour force Labour force refers to population in the working age group (15 to 64 years) who are either employed or unemployed.
Unemployed Those who did not work during the reference week but are interested to work and seeking for a job. Classified into two groups
which are actively and inactively unemployed.
Unemployment rate The proportion of the unemployed population to the total population in labour force, expressed as a percentage.
Kementerian Pertanian dan Keterjaminan Makanan
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
WISMA TANI,
No. 28 Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4,
Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan,
62624 Putrajaya, Malaysia
Tel: 03 - 8870 1000
https://www.kpkm.gov.com.my/penerbitan