The World Before the Deluge

The " White Lias " of Smith is the equivalent of the Koessen beds which immediately underlie the Lower Lias of the Swabian Jura, and have been traced for a hundred miles, from Geneva to the environs of Vienna; and, also, of the Upper St. Cassian beds, which are so called from their occurrence at St. Cassian in the Austrian Alps. The general character of the series of strata just described, is that

of a deposit formed in tolerably shallow waten In the Alps of Lombardy and the Tyrol, in Luxembourg, in France, and, in fact, throughout nearly the whole of Europe, they form a sort of fringe in the margin of the Triassic sea; and, although of comparatively inconsiderable thickness in England, they become highly developed in Lombardy, &c., to an enormous thickness, and constitute the great mass of the Rhsetian Alps and a considerable part of the well-known beds of St. Cassian, and Hallstadt in the Austrian Alps. (See page 205.) The Rhsetic beds of Europe were, as a whole, formed under very different conditions in different areas. The thickness of the strata and the large and well-developed fauna (chiefly IMollusca) indicate that the Rhaetic strata of Lombardy, and other parts of the south and east of Europe, were deposited in a broad open ocean. On the other hand, the comparatively thin beds of this age in England and north-western Europe, the fauna of which, besides being poor in genera and species, consists of small and dwarfed forms, point to the conclusion that they were in great part deposited in shallow seas and in estuaries, or in lagoons, or in occasional salt lakes, under conditions which lasted for a long period."'

In consequence of the importance they assume in Lombardy (the ancient Rhsetia), the name " Rhaetic Beds " has been given to these strata by Mr. Charles Moore; Dr. Thomas Wright has proposed the designation " Avicula Contorta Zone," from the plentiful occurrence of that shell in the black shales forming the well-marked middle zone, and which is everywhere present where this group of beds is found; Jules Martin and others have proposed the term " Infra-lias," or" Infra-liassic strata;" while the name " Penarth Beds " has been assigned to these deposits in this country by Mr. H. W. Bristow, at the suggestion of Sir Roderick Murchison, in consequence of their conspicuous appearance and well-exposed sections in the bold headlands and clifis of that locality, in the British Channel, west of Cardiff.

A fuller description of these beds will be found in the Reports of the Bath Meeting of the British Association (1864), by Mr. Bristow; also in communications to the Geological Magazine, for 1864, by MM. Bristow and Dawkins;t in papers read before the Geological Society by Dr. Thomas Wright, J Mr. Charles Moore, § and ]\Ir. Ralph Tate, II as printed in their Quarterly Journal; and by Mr.

• See A. C. Ramsay, "On the Physical Relations of the New Red Marl, Rhostic Beds, and Lower Lias," Quart. Jour. GeoL Soc, vol. 2'/, p. 189. t Quart. Jour. Ceol. Soc, vol. xx., p. 396. § Ibid, vol. xvii., p. 4S3. t Ibid, vol. xvi., p. 374. || Ibid, vol. xx., p. 103. O

2IO THE WORLD BEFORE THE DELUGE.

Etheridge, in the Transactions of the Cotteswold Natural History- Club for 1865-66. The limits of the Penarth Beds have also been lately accurately laid down by Mr. Bristow in the map of the Geological Survey over the district comprised between Bath, Bristol, and the Severn; and " elaborately detailed typical sections of most of the localities in England, where these beds occur, have been constructed by MM. Bristow, Etheridge, and Woodward, of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, which, when published, will greatly add to our knowledge of this remarkable and interesting series of deposits.

211

JURASSIC PERIOD.

This period, one of the most important in the physical history of the globe, has received its name from the Jura mountains in France, the Jura range being composed of the rocks deposited in the seas of the period. In the term Jurassic, the formations designated as the *' Oolite" and " Lias" are inckided, both being found in the Jura mountains. The Jurassic period presents a very striking assemblage of characteristics, both in its vegetation and in the animal remains which belong to it; many genera of animals existing in the preceding age have disappeared new genera have replaced them, comprising a very specially organised group, containing not less than 4,000 species. The Jurassic period is sub-divided into two sub-periods: those of the Lias and the Oolite.

The Lias

IS an English provincial name given to an argillaceous limestone, which, with marl and clay, forms the base of the Jurassic formation, and passes almost imperceptibly into the Lower Oolite in some places, where the Marlstone of the Lias partakes of the mineral character, as well as the fossil remains of the Lower Oolite; and it is sometimes

treated of as belonging to that formation. " Nevertheless, the Lias may be traced throughout a great part of Europe as a separate and independent group, of considerable thickness, varying from 500 to 1,000 feet, containing many peculiar fossils, and having a very uniform lithological aspect."* The rocks which represent the Liassic period form the base of the Jurassic system, and have a mean thickness of about 1,200 feet. In the inferior part we find argillaceous sandstones, which are called the sandstones of the Lias, and comprehend the greater part of the Qimdersafidsteifi, or building-stone of the (jermans, above which comes compact limestone, argillaceous, bluish, and yellowish; finally, the formation terminates in the marlstones which are sometimes sandy, and occasionally bituminous.

• Lyell, "Elements of Geology," p. 413. O 2

The Lias, in England, is generally in three groups: i, the upper,, clays and shales, underlying sands; 2, the middle, lias or marlstone; and 3. the lower, clays and limestone; but these have been again subdivided— the last into six zones, each marked by its own peculiar species of Ammonites; the second into three zones; the third consists-of clay, shale, and argillaceous limestone. For the purposes of description we shall, therefore, divide the Lias into these three groups:— 1. Upper Lias Clay, consists of blue clay, or shale, containing nodular bands of claystones at the base, crowded with Ammoiiites serpeiitinus, A. bifrojis, Bek?nnites, &c. 2. The Middle Lias, commonly known as the Marlstone, is surmounted by a bed of oolitic ironstone, largely worked in Leicestershire and in the north of England as a valuable ore of iron. The underlying marls and sands, the latter of which become somewhat, argillaceous below, form beds from 200 to 300 feet thick in Dorsetshire and Gloucestershire; the fossils are Ammonites margaritaceiiSy A. spinatus, Belemiiiies tripartitus. The upper rock-beds, especially^ the bed of ironstone on the top, is generally remarkably rich in fossils. 3. Lower Lias (averaging from 600 to 900 feet in thickness) consists, in the lower party of thin layers of bluish argillaceous limestone^ alternating with shales, and clays; the whole overlaid by the blue clay of which the lower member of the Liassic

group usually consists. This member of the series is well developed in Yorkshire, at Lyme Regis and Charmouth in Dorsetshire, and

Fig. 88.— Gryphsea Incurva. generallyWest andover theMidlandSouth- Counties of England. Gryphcea ificurva (Fig. 88), with sandy bands, occurs at the base, in addition to which we find Ammonites planorbis Bncklandi, A. Ostrea liassica, Li?na gigantea, Ammonites Bticklandi, &c., in the lower limestones and shales.

Above the clay are yellow sands from 100 to 200 feet thick, underlying the limestone of the Inferior OoUte. These sands were, until lately.

considered to bdong to the latter formation — as they undoubtedly do physically — until they were shown, by Dr. Thomas Wright, of Cheltenham, to be more nearly allied, by their fossils, to the Lias below than to the Inferior Oolite above, into which they form the passage-beds.

In France the Lias abounds in the Calvados, in Burgundy, Lorraine, Normandy, and the Lyonnais. In the Vosges and Luxembourg, M. Elie de Beaumont states that th^ Lias containing Gryphcea inciirua and Lima gigaiitea, and some other marine fossils, becomes arenaceous; and around the Harz mountains, in West-i:)halia and Bavaria, in its lower parts the formation is sandy, and is sometimes a good building-stone.

"In England the Lias constitutes," says Professor Ramsay, "a well-defined belt of strata, running continuously from Lyme Regis, on the south-west, through the whole of England, to Yorkshire on the north-east, and is an extensive series of alternating beds of clay, shale, and limestone, with occasional layers of jet in the upper part. The unequal hardness of the clays and limestones of the Liassic strata causes some of its members to stand out in the distinct minor escarpments, often facing the west and north-west. The Marlstone forms the most prominent of these, and overlooks the broad meadows

of the lower Lias-clay, that form much of the centre of England." In Scotland there are few traces of the Lias. Zoophytes, Mollusca, and Fishes of a peculiar organisation, but, above all, Reptiles of extraordinary size and structure gave to the sea of the Liassic period an interest and features cjuite peculiar. Well might Cuvier exclaim, when the drawings of the Plesiosaums were sent to him: " Truly this is altogether the most monstrous animal that has yet been dug out of the ruins of a former world! " In the whole of the English Lias there are about 243 genera, and 467 species of fossils. The whole series has been divided into zones characterised by particular Ammonites, which are found to be limited to them, at least locally.

Among the Echinodermata belonging to the Lias we may cite Astcrias lutnbricalis and Palceocoma Furstembcrgii, which constitutes a genus not dissimilar to the star-fishes, of which its radiated form reminds us. The Pentacrinites, of which Fentacrinites Briareus is a type, ornaments many collections by its elegant form, and is represented in Figs. 79 and 89. It belongs to the order of Crinoidea, which is represented at the present time by a single living species, Fentatrinus caput-Mediisce^ one of the rare and delicate Zoophytes of the Caribbean sea. Oysters (Ostrca) made their appearance in the Muschelkalk of the last period, but only in a small number of species; they increased greatly in importance in the Liassic seas.

Fig. 89. — Pentacrinites Briareus. Half natural size.

The AmfnoJiiteSy a curious genus of Cephalopoda, which made their first appearance in small numbers towards the close of the preceding Triassic period, become quite special in the Secondary epoch, with

the close of which they disappear altogether. They were very abundant in the Jurassic period, and, as we have already said, each zone is characterised by its peculiar species. The name is taken from the resemblance of the shell to the ram's-horn ornaments which decorated the front of the temple of Jupiter Ammon and the bas-reliefs and statues of that pagan deity. They were Cephalopodous Molluscawith circular shells, rolled upon themselves symmetrically in the same plane, and divided into a series of chambers. The animal only occupied the outer chamber of the shell; all the others were empty. A siphon or tube issuing from the first chamber traversed all the others in succession, as is seen in all the Ammonites and Nautili. This tube enabled the animal to rise to the surface, or to sink to the bottom, for the Ammonite could fill the chambers with water at pleasure, or empty them, thus rendering itself lighter or heavier as occasion required. The Nautilus of oui seas is provided with the same curious rig. 90.— Ammonites Tumen, theorganisation,Ammonitesandof remindsgeologicalus times.forcibly of ^""""^ '*^^ ^°"'^'' ^'^^•