The World Before the Deluge
METAMORPHIC ROCKS (of all ages):—
Gneiss, Mica-schist, Quartzite, Talcose-schist, &c. (Serpentine probably?)
INTRUSIVE ROCKS (of all ages):—
Lavas, Basalt, Trachyte, Pitchstone, &c.
Granite, Syenite, Greenstone, Felstone, Porphyrites, Melaphyres, Mica-Traps, &c. &c.
EXTENSION OF THE PREVIOUS TABLE.
AGE OF MAMMALS.
POST TERTIARY.
PLEISTOCENE, OR QUATERNARY.
| RECENT AND PRE-HISTORIC. | Blown Sand and Shingle. Alluvium and River Deltas. Burtle Beds of Somerset. Clay, with Scrobicularia of Pagham, Morecombe, &c. Submerged Forests of Bristol Channel, &c. Peat Bogs of Ireland and Peat Beds of England. |
| Post Glacial | Raised Beaches. Cave Deposits: Cave Earth and Loam; Stalagmite and Bone-breccia. River Gravels, Brick Earths, and Freshwater Clays, with Mammalian Remains. Gravels of Bedford Levels, Salisbury, and other Old Valley Gravels and Alluvia. Tufa and Shell-marl. |
| Glacial | Kaimes or Kames of Scotland. Eskers or Escars of Ireland. Drift (Upper Boulder Clay or Till, Marine Gravels, Lower Till and Moraines), Scotch and Welsh. Loess of the Rhine, &c. |
| Pre-glacial | Forest Bed of Norfolk Shore. |
KAINOZOIC, OR TERTIARY.
PLIOCENE.
| Crag | Mammaliferous Crag Red Crag | Norwich and Chillesford Crag (Newer Pliocene). |
| Coralline Crag (Suffolk Crag) | (Older Pliocene). |
MIOCENE
Leaf Bed of Mull. Lignite of Antrim. Bovey Beds, with Lignite.
EOCENE.
UPPER EOCENE.
Fluvio-Marine Series.
| Hempstead Beds. | Corbula Beds. Upper, Middle, Lower: Freshwater and Estuary Marls. |
| Bembridge Beds. | Bembridge Marls. „ Limestone. |
MIDDLE EOCENE.
| Osborne Beds | St. Helen’s Sands. Nettlestone Grits. | Fluvio-Marine Series. |
| Headon Beds | Upper, Middle, Lower: Headon Beds. | Fluvio-Marine Series. |
| Bagshot Beds | Upper Bagshot Sand. Middle „: Barton Clay; Bracklesham Beds. Lower „: Sand and Pipeclay, with Plants. |
LOWER EOCENE.
| London Tertiaries. | London Clay and Bognor Beds (Upper London Tertiaries). | |
| Oldhaven Beds. Woolwich and Reading Beds (Plastic Clay). Thanet Beds. | Lower do. |
TABLE OF STRATA.
497
MESOZOIC, OR SECONDARY.
AGE OF REPTILES, OR SAUROZOIC EPOCH.
CRETACEOUS.
UPPER CRETACEOUS.
| Chalk | Upper Chalk, with Layers of Flint (Maestricht and Faxoe Beds). Lower Chalk, without Flints. Chalk Marl. Chloritic Marl. |
| Upper Greensand (Fire-stone of Surrey, Malm-rock), &c. | |
| Gault. |
LOWER CRETACEOUS, OR NEOCOMIAN.
NEOCOMIAN.
| Lower Greensand | Folkestone Beds (Sand). Sandgate Beds (with Fullers’ Earth). Hythe Beds (with Kentish Rag and Bargate Stone). Atherfield Clay. |
WEALDEN.
| Weald Clay (with Sussex or Bethersden Marble and Horsham Stone). | ||
| Hastings Sands. | Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand Grinstead Clay Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand | Tunbridge Wells Beds. |
| Wadhurst Clay (with Iron Ore). Ashdown Sands. Ashburnham Beds. |
JURASSIC SERIES.
OOLITIC SERIES.
UPPER OOLITE.
| Purbeck. | Upper (with Purbeck Marble) Middle Lower (with Dirt Beds) | Purbeck Beds. |
| Portland | Portland Stone. Portland Sand. Kimeridge Clay (with Bituminous Shale). |
MIDDLE OOLITE.
| Coralline Oolite | Upper Calcareous Grit. Coral Rag (with Iron Ore). Lower Calcareous Grit. |
| Oxford Clay | Oxford Clay and Kellaways Rock. |
LOWER OOLITE.
| Forest Marble | Cornbrash. Forest Marble and Bradford Clay (with Encrinites) | |
| Great Oolite | Great or Bath Oolite (with “Fullers’ Earth” at base, in S. of England). Stonesfield Slate, near the base, in part of S. of England. | |
| Fullers’ Earth | Upper Fullers’ Earth (Clay). Fullers’ Earth Rock (Limestone). Lower Fullers’ Earth (Clay). | |
| Inferior Oolite | Northampton Sand (with Iron Ore, in N. Oxfordshire and S. Northamptonshire). Ragstone and Clypeus Bed. | |
| Upper Freestone. Oolite Marl. Lower Freestone. Pea Grit. | Cheltenham Sections. | |
| (Colleyweston Slate, at the base of the Limestone, in Lincolnshire). Sands. |
LIAS.
| Upper Lias | Clay and Shale. |
| Middle Lias, or Marlstone | (Rock Bed, with Iron Ore, Sand, &c.). |
| Lower Lias | Clay, Shale, and Limestone. |
G G
498
TABLE OF STRATA.
MESOZOIC, OR SECONDARY—continued.
POIKILITIC SERIES.
TRIAS, OR NEW RED SANDSTONE.
UPPER TRIAS.
| Rhætic, or Penarth Beds. | “White Lias,” Avicula contorta Beds, with Koessen Beds. Bone Beds of Aust, &c. St. Cassian and Hallstadt Beds. |
| Keuper | Red variegated Marl and Upper Keuper Sandstone (with Gypsum and Rock Salt). Lower Keuper Sandstone and Marl (Waterstones). Dolomitic Conglomerate (of Keuper Age, Somerset, Gloucester, and S. Wales). |
MIDDLE TRIAS.
Muschelkalk, absent in Britain.
LOWER TRIAS.
| Bunter | Upper Red and Mottled Sandstone. Pebble Beds, Calcareous Conglomerate, and Breccia. Lower Red and Mottled Sandstone. |
PALÆOZOIC, OR PRIMARY.
UPPER PALÆOZOIC.
AGE OF FISHES, OR ICHTHYOZOIC EPOCH.
PERMIAN.
| GERMANY. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Upper, or Magnesian Limestone Series. | Upper Red Marl and Sandstone Upper Magnesian Limestone Lower Red Marl and Sandstone Lower Magnesian Limestone | Zechstein. |
| Lower, or Rothliegende. | Red Marl, Sandstone, Breccia, Röthe-liegende, and Conglomerate. |
CARBONIFEROUS SERIES.
AGE OF PLANTS, OR PHYTOZOIC EPOCH.
| ENGLAND. | SCOTLAND. | |
|---|---|---|
| Coal Measures | Upper Coal Measures Middle Coal Measures Pennant Grit Lower Coal Measures Gannister Beds | Upper Coal Measures. |
| Millstone Grit or Farewell Rock | Moor Rock. | |
| Carboniferous, or Mountain Limestone. | Upper Limestone Shale (Yoredale Rocks) Carboniferous Limestone | Upper Limestones. Edge Coals Series. Lower Limestones. |
| Lower Limestone Shale | Sandstones, Shales, and Burdie House Limestone. |
OLD RED SANDSTONE AND DEVONIAN.
| Old Red Sandstone, or Devonian Beds. | Upper Devonian or Barnstaple and Marwood Beds, with Petherwin Limestone, in N. E. Cornwall. Middle Devonian or Ilfracombe Beds, with Fossiliferous Limestones and Cornstones. Lower Devonian, or Lynton Beds. |
TABLE OF STRATA.
499
PALÆOZOIC, OR PRIMARY—continued.
LOWER PALÆOZOIC.
AGE OF CRUSTACEANS AND MOLLUSCS, OR MALACOZOIC EPOCH.
SILURIAN.
UPPER SILURIAN.
| WALES AND CENTRAL ENGLAND. | LAKE DISTRICT. | |
|---|---|---|
| Tilestones (Passage Beds) | Kirkby Moor Flags. | |
| Ludlow Beds | Upper Ludlow Beds (with Bone Bed) | Kirkby Moor Flags. |
| Aymestry Limestone Lower Ludlow Beds | Bannisdale Beds. | |
| Wenlock Beds | Wenlock Limestone Wenlock Shale, Sandstone, and Flags | Bannisdale Beds. |
| Woolhope Limestone and Shale. Denbighshire Grits, Shales, Slates, and Flags | Coniston Grits and Flags. Stockdale Slates. | |
| Tarannon Shale (Pale Slates). | ||
| Llandovery Beds | Upper Llandovery Rocks. (May Hill Sandstone). (Pentamerus Beds). Lower Llandovery Rocks. |
LOWER SILURIAN.
| WALES AND CENTRAL ENGLAND. | LAKE DISTRICT. | |
|---|---|---|
| Caradoc, or Bala Beds. | Caradoc and Bala Beds. (Sandstones often shelly, with Bala Limestone, Shale, and Slate) | Coniston Limestone, Bala (Limestone and Shale) Skiddaw Slates. |
| Llandeilo | Llandeilo Flags and Limestone, &c. Tremadoc Slates. | Coniston Limestone, Bala (Limestone and Shale) Skiddaw Slates. |
| Lingula Beds | Lingula Flags. (Primordial Zone of Barrande). |
EOZOIC.
CAMBRIAN.
| Cambrian | Harlech Grits, &c. Purple Slates and Grits (St. David’s). Llanberis Grits and Slates. Longmynd Rocks. Red Sandstone and Conglomerate (Scotland). |
LAURENTIAN.
Fundamental Gneiss of the Outer Hebrides and of the N.W. coast of Scotland, &c., containing the oldest known fossil, Eozoon Canadense.
50I
INDEX
ITALICS ARE WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS.
Abbeville, 475. Ammonite, a perfect, 260. ,, Peat-beds and Flint-tools of,,, restoration of an, 2 1 6. Ammonites, 11, 12, 207, 212, 214, 246^ Abietinse,476. 193.,, rostratus, 292, 294. Acacia, 318.,, Turner i, 215, Acanthodes, 126.,, of Jurassic Period, 215. Acephala of the Oolite, 246.,, rotundus, 263. Acephalous or headless Molluscs, 288.,, Herveyii, 246. Acerites cretacese, 283.,, Danicus, 311. Acrodus nobilis, 217. Amorphozoa, 301. Acrogens, 123. Ancient Glaciers of the Rhine, Linth, and the Reus, 449. Adams, Mr., discoveries of, 391. Adapis, 325. Ancient Granite, 31. Adelsberg Cave, 430. Ancyloceras, 288. Adconafolifera, 247. Andrias Scheuchzeri, 368. Adhemar's Glacial Hypothesis, 436. Angiosperms, Age of, 300. Adiantites, 120. 283,,,300.^ Seeds, in a Seed-vessel,Agassiz on Glaciers, 439. Age of Angiosperms, 300. Animal of the Ohio, 343. ,, Formations, how ascertained, 5.,, of Paraguay, 401. Ailsa Craig, 49. Annelides, 126. Air Volcano at Turbaco, 61, 62- Anning, Mary, 219, 225. Annular ia, 137, 154. Albien of D'Orbigny, 300. Albite, 96. Anodon,,, 120,orifolia,334. 158.Aleutian Isles, 70. Algae, 103, 114, 123, 309, 336. Anomopteris, 193. Alkaline Waters of Plombieres, 64. Anoplotherium, 319, 323. Alleghany Mountains, 75.,, commune, 323. Alluvial Deposits, 485. Anorthite, 96. Almites Frescii, 203. Antediluvian Glaciers, 449. Alps, upheaval of, 427.,, Man, 367. Alveolites, 333. Anthracite, 72. Amber, 310, 316, 355. Antiquity of Man, 469. Antwerp Crag, 373.Amblypterus, 146. Amiens, Peat-beds of, 475. Ape, 360.
INDEX, 502 Ape, First Appearance of, 349. Baltic Sea filling up, 282, 490. Banksia, 318. Apiocrinites liliiformis, 261. „ rotwidus, 261. Barmouth Sandstone, loi. Aploceras, 146. BasaltBasalt, in44.Prismatic Columns, 47. Aptien (Greensand of Apt) Fossils of
Havre, of the Isle of Wight, 297.,, Action of, upon Limestone, 72. Apuan Alps, 76.,, of Ireland, 48. Arboj'cscent Ferns, 1 30.,, Prismatic Structure of, 49. Basaltic Formations, 44. Arbroath Paving-stone, 129. Arch?eopterix, 265.,, Causeways, 48, 49. Archegosaurus minor, 154, 15S.,, Plateau, theoretical vird) of, 47. Arctocyon primcevus, 332.,, Cavern of Staffa, 50. Arenicolites, loi. Bat, 326, 338. Argile de Dives, 264. Bath Oolite, 243, 250. ,, plastique, 332. Bathonean Formation, 249. Armentace^e, 297. Batrachian Reptiles of Pliocene, 358. Arran, Granite of, 38. Baumann's Hohl, 429. Artesian Wells, 16, 88. Bay of Fundy, 159. Artificially-formed Coal, 164. Beaver, Disappearance of, 184. Asaphtis caiidahis, 103.,, of Post-Pliocene Period, 379- Ashburnham Sands, 286. Bees,Beds of255.Coal, Formation of, 159. Ashdown Sands, 286. Ashes, Showers of Volcanic, 58. Belemnite restored, 216. Asiatic Deluge, 423; caused by upheaval,, of Liassic Period, 217. of Caucasian Range, 480. Belemnites, 212, 215, 260. Asplenium, 315.,, acjitus, 217. Asterias lombricalis, 213. Bellerophon, 108. Asteracanthus, 266.,, CO status, 145. Asterophyllites, 120, 154, 158, 173, 177.,, hiulcus, 145. ,, foliosa, 157. Beloptera Sepioidea, 181, 434. Atherfield Series of Rocks, 287. Bembridge Series, 330, 332. Atlantis of Plato, 118, 281. Ben Nevis, 90, 182. Atrypa reticularis, 127. Bernese Alps, 427. - Auchenaspis, 129. Beryx Lrjucsiensis, 294. Aucolin, 299. » Biblical Account of Noachian Deluge, Augite, 44. Auvergne, Mountains of, 62. Bidiastopora cervicomus, 246, ,, Acidulated Springs in, 64. Bigsby, Dr. J. T., on Silurian Fauna ,, Extinct Volcanoes of, 51. 480.and Flora, 104. Aveyron Savage, 469. Binney, Edw., on Boulder Clay of Avicula, 189, 205, 252, 272. Lancashire, 462. ,, contorta, 207. Bird of Solenhofen, 265. ,, contorta zone, 207.,, of Montmartre, 326. Azores, New Islands formed in the, 70. Birds, First Appearance of, 193. ,, of Eocene Period, 326. Baculites, 289.,, of Miocene Period, 369. Bagshot Beds, 332. Bison primigenius, 399. Bajocien Formation, 249.,, priscus, 399. Bala Beds, 109.,. Bituminous Fountains, 60. Balcena of Monte Pulgnasco, 370. Black Down Beds, 310. Bala:nodon I.amanoni, 370. Boccaccio's Giant, 284. Balistes, or Silurus, 218. Bogs of Denmark, 477.
INDEX.
503
‘ Bone-beds of Rhetic, or Penarth Series, | Calamites, 134, 152, 177, 193, 202.
Bone-breccias, 429.
Bone Caves, 429.
™ » H. W. Bristow -on formation of, 475.
Bos, 379, 414.
x Pallasii, 399.
sy Primigenius, 184.
Bracheux Sands, 332.
Brachiopoda, 109.
i Abundance of, in Devonian Period, 126.
Cretaceous
_ 3 300.
Rei
eign of, 126.
Teri eh 249.
Bracklesham Beds, 332.
Bradford Clay, 250.
Encrinites, 252.
Branch of Banksia, 318.
», _Bucalypius, 317.
Bray Head, tor.
Breccia, Ossiferous, 432.
Brecciated Limestone, 174, 176.
Bridlington Beds, 460.
Bristow, H. W., on Formation of Bone
Caves, 475.
on Brixham Bone-cave,
”
on Penarth or Rhetic
Beds, 207.
British Islands at close of Jurassic
Period, 274.
British Strata, Section of, 244.
1 Table of, 493—499.
Brixham Bone-cave, 473-
Brongniart, Ad., on Upper Cretaceous
Fauna, 301.
Bronze Age, 478.
Brumberg Cavern, 432.
Buckland, Dr., on Kirkdale Cave, 380.
Buffon and Voltaire, 6,
x» on Man, 470.
sx on Fossils, 6.
Bunter Sandstone, 137
Burrh Stone, 355.
Butterflies, 255.
Caithness Flags, 128.
Calamary, 215, 259.
Calamite vestored, 135-
arenaceus, 194.
cannaformis, 154.
Trunk of, 136.
Caleaire de la Beauce, 355-
sy _ Grossier, 325, 332.
Calceola Sandalina, 127.
Calderas, 70,
Calymene Blumenbachii, 110.
. Cambrian Period, 101.
= Fauna, 101.
Camper, o~: on the Mosasaurus, 304-
3» CEningen Skeleton, 368.”
Camptopteris crenata, 239.
Canstadt Excavations, 386, 396:
Cantal Group of Mountains, 43.
a peak of, 40.
Cape Wrath; Granite and Gneiss of, 32.
Capitosaurus, 190.
Caradoc Beds, 109.
Carboniferous ae 151.
mpared with that of
Islands i in the | Pacific, 151.
Carboniferous Limestone, 130, 140.
Period, 130.
Vegetation of, 130.
Climate of, 133.
Foraminifera of, 143,146.
of France, 150,
Crustaceans of, 141.
Rocks, 149.
Seas, 146.
Cardiocarpon, ly
Cardium Rheeticum, 207.
» Striatulum, 269. 1
Carpinites arenaceus, 283.