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How do volcanoes form?
Volcanoes form primarily along tectonic plate boundaries where immense slabs of rock, known as tectonic plates, interact. At constructive plate boundaries, plates move apart, allowing hot magma to rise and create new crust, as seen in Iceland's Mid Atlantic Ridge[1]. At destructive plate boundaries, one plate subducts beneath another, causing water from sediments to reduce the melting temperature of the mantle, generating magma that can reach the surface[1][5].
Additionally, volcanoes can form over a stationary mantle plume in the middle of tectonic plates, leading to what is known as hotspot volcanism, exemplified by the Hawaiian Islands[4][5].
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