Noise-canceling headphones use active noise control (ANC) to eliminate unwanted background sounds by creating sound waves that are out of phase with the noise. This process involves either feedforward or feedback microphones. Feedforward microphones capture external noise and send it to the ANC system, which creates a counter wave. In contrast, feedback microphones listen inside the headphones to fine-tune the cancellation directly at the ear[3].
An analogy for this is like placing two identical waves in a pool of water; when they meet, they cancel each other out. However, ANC is most effective against low, steady sounds, like engine noise, and struggles with sudden, sharp noises, such as wind or conversation, due to latency issues in sound processing[5][6].
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