How can brain cells on chips learn?

'a machine with wires and tubes'

Brain cells on chips learn through interactions using electrical impulses that communicate information between neurons. In experiments, these cells were stimulated to play a simplified version of the arcade game Pong by receiving electrical pulses representing the ball's position. This allowed them to adjust their activity to control a virtual paddle, becoming more adept at the game over time. A feedback system encouraged the cells by rewarding successful hits and providing negative responses for misses, mimicking natural learning[1].

The CL1 biocomputer, developed by Cortical Labs, processes information in sub-millisecond loops. It shows that live human neurons can adapt and learn from experiences, even improving function in impaired models like epilepsy when treated with specific drugs[2].