Surveillance systems are meant to support public health action, not just count events.
Completeness and timeliness alone are not reliable stand-alone checks of surveillance quality.
HIV incidence can be estimated by longitudinal follow-up, indirect models, or recent-infection testing.
NCD progress is often slow and uneven, so short-term measurement can mislead.
Maternal mortality estimates often need model-based correction because routine data can be incomplete, underreported, or misclassified.
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