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A home that starts by changing the river

A beaver’s home is more than its lodge. In Wood’s account, the dam comes first: logs, branches, earth and mud form a barrier across the stream, holding back water around the dwelling. The dam and lodge are distinct structures, each with a different role. The lodge’s passage leads down into the water, with an entrance deep enough to stay below surface ice. Its dry chamber connects to an underwater approach. Read together, the structures show how the lodge depends on the water held by the dam.

Wood’s beaver plate places the animals, worked timber, water and rounded dwellings in one scene. The dam and lodge have different roles; this historical illustration is not a technical construction drawing.

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One roof, many front doors

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Colour-remastered engraving of large sociable-weaver nesting structures held in tree branches, with multiple separate openings visible underneath. Colour is interpretive. — archive.org

Count the entrances, then look at what holds the nests. A shared covering and a collection of hanging homes make very different use of a tree. From J. G. Wood’s Homes Without Hands, physical PDF pages 227–229 and 446–448. Both plates are interpretive colour remasters.

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The leaf with a seam

The colour-remastered tailor-bird engraving depicts the folded leaf and its attachment to the branch. Wood describes soft nesting material placed inside this leaf envelope.

A seam in a leaf

A leaf still hangs from its twig. Look closer: its sides have been drawn together around a hidden nest.

Follow the construction from outside to inside: a living leaf, holes pierced at its edges, plant fibre drawing those edges together, then a soft nest within. Wood describes examples made from one leaf and from several. Source: Homes Without Hands, physical PDF pages 239–241; tailor-bird engraving on page 240, colour remastered by Pandi. The same plate accompanies four reading steps, without an invented needle or added cutaway. Colour remasters are modern artistic interpretations.

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Escape without breaking the cocoon

Wood found an emperor moth in its cage, though the cocoon looked unbroken. He thought it had come from elsewhere and waited for the cocoon to open. A year later, he cut it open: inside were an empty pupal shell and the caterpillar’s shrivelled skin. At the neck, stiff crossed fibres yielded to pressure from within but pressed together under pressure from outside. The moth had escaped without leaving an obvious break.

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Rooms that grow on trees

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Colour interpretation of the British-gall plate: small round oak galls, clustered twig galls, a moss-like rose bedeguar near the centre and a larger oak apple below. — archive.org

Some animal dwellings are carried, woven or dug. These are grown in plant tissue. Wood’s gall plates turn familiar bumps and moss-like tufts into a collection of hidden larval chambers. From Homes Without Hands, physical PDF pages 509–512 and 520–524. These colour interpretations follow the book’s historical plates.

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A forest that turns with the story

Changeable forest

In The Company of Wolves, Furst’s handmade trees rolled to suggest seasons. Their shifting forest makes the dream-world feel unstable. Original editorial reconstruction.

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Informe de investigación

The Marshall study, and what the source does not establish

After November 1964, budget pressure and NASA’s choice to emphasize crewed Earth-orbit missions sharply reduced piloted Mars-study activity. A Marshall Space Flight Center team still examined a Saturn-and-Apollo-based Mars flyby, but it remained a study concept, not a funded direct-landing program or a flown mission.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Period	Reported Mars-study activity
17 months before November 1964	29 piloted planetary mission studies, costing $3.5 million.^[4]
November 1964 through May 1966	Four contracted studies, costing $465,000.^[5]

The change accompanied a policy shift: NASA assigned low priority to developing a new rocket after Saturn and proposed concentrating post-Apollo crewed flight on Earth orbit, using Apollo-developed technology. The later study count and spending show how markedly Mars-related study work contracted during that period.^[6]^[7]

The Marshall study, and what the source does not establish

Separately from the general count of contracted studies, a Marshall team led by Ruppe examined a crewed Mars flyby using Saturn launch vehicles and Apollo hardware. Its February 1965 report judged such flybys technically feasible in the mid-to-late 1970s, using a modified Apollo command and service module, a pressurized hangar, and automated probes.^[8]

The source mentions four later studies but does not identify them as contractor studies or describe their architectures. It therefore does not provide enough detail to compare contractor designs with Marshall’s concept. Nor does the feasibility assessment establish an approved, funded direct-landing effort or a mission that flew: it documents a study, not a flight program.^[9]^[10]