It is interesting to watch a periwinkle feeding upon a piece of seaweed, and in doing so the observer is irresistibly reminded of its similarity to a common land snail. Although the former can live out of the sea, for a limited time at any rate, and travel over rocks that are out of the water, the latter cannot live in salt water. On the sandy beach near Bamborough Castle the high-water mark is indicated by a line of beautifully coloured snail shells.

Limpets sometimes live above high-water mark, but for how long it is difficult to say. However, I have seen them there a sufficient length of time to prove that they can manage to exist without being washed by the sea twice a day.

It has recently been stated that all eels are bred in the sea, and that they exactly reverse the migratory breeding movements of the salmon; but how their young ones, when only five or six inches long and as thick as the stem of a churchwarden clay pipe, travel up a hundred and fifty miles of river, and surmount such obstacles as waterfalls that tax the best leaping energies of a trout, I cannot conceive. We used to have a few eels away up in the dale becks of Yorkshire, where I have " gud-dled" them two pounds in weight when a boy and I always thought when I saw young ones playing about on a sandbank that they had been bred there. Probably the very commonest creatures to be met with between the tide marks of any rocky

shore are barnacles. They cover stones and woodwork and ironwork; and when once they have

iAKNACLES AND PUKl'LE SHELLS ON HOCKS.

established themselves, it is not long before shell joins shell, and fresh settlers arrive to extend the limits of the colony. Not unnaturally many visitors to the seaside consider them to be

: they are,relations of the oyster and* the mussel however, cousins of the crab and the shrimp. They also enjoy the popular name of acorn shells, and although they do not appear to be very interesting when they have no water covering them, the very reverse is the case directly the tide flow immerses their shells. I remember my astonishment upon first discovering two or three of the little creatures on the feed in a small rock pool. They threw out what appeared to be tiny casting nets from the holes in the crown of their conical houses. After ACOKN BAKXACL1S ON MUSSEL. making a feW waving sweeps backwards and forwards, these expanded nets suddenly contracted, like midget hands grasping some invisible prize, and disappeared. They did not remain out of sight for long, however, but came forth and were soon hard at work again.

Acorn shells will affix themselves to almost anything. I have seen limpets covered with them, and the accompanying illustration of half a mussel shell shows two or three empty houses belonging to the

species. In bringing the last chapter of this little work

to a close I feel that I have only touched the fringe of a great and fascinating subject, yet I hope that my brother and I may have achieved sufficient to send young men and maidens out into the fields with cameras to study the wild life of this and other lands for themselves. If they go and work with care and patience I am quite sure they will add greatly to their own store of knowledge and health, and in all probability obtian many interesting facts and authentic pictures for the benefit and pleasure of mankind at large. In any case they will always have our sympathy and, when they ask it, our best advice.

FISHING BOATS I'HOTOGKAl'HEU AT MIDNIGHT IS THE SHETLAND.*

INDEX

Accident, An amusing, 40 —, A photograph lost by a curious, 116 —, Curious, to a mouse, 132 Accidents wild animals are liable to, 121 Advice, Final words of, 183 Ailsa Craig and its cragsman, 99 Ammonia as a cat scarer, 59 —, Effect of sniffing, 60 Amusing incident in connection with a tele-photo lens, 7 Anchor threads of mussel, 177 Anemones photographed under water, 175 Animals, Difficulties of photographing, 4 Ants as porters, 156 — as scavengers, 156 — and their ways, 155 Apparatus needed for taking photographs by flashlight, 8 Artificial rubbish-heap, How to make and use for hiding in, 15 — tree-trunk, How to make and use for hiding purposes, 10

Badgers near London, 121 Bagpipes and seals, 173 Barnacles and their kinsfolk, 181 —, How they catch their food, 182 Bass Rock, and how to get on to it, 98 Bats, 133 Bees, Humble, asleep, 151 Beetles, How a mole caught, 130 —, Stag, and their habitat, 145 — and “sugar,” 144 Benefits of early rising, 47 Birds, A list of, for town dwellers to study and photograph, 94 —, Courtship of, 52 —, Best time for studying and photographing, 46 — flying, Photographing, 3 —, How they feed all their young alike, 88 —, — — keep their chicks dry, 72 —, How to induce them to build in odd situations, 57 Birds’ nesting, Glorious uncertainty of, 51 — nests, How to search for, 47 — — in cliffs, how to find them, 20 — — — photographed without assistance of ropes, 34

Birds, Secret of getting close to, 37 — that attack human beings, 107 — — betray their nests, 52 — — can be photographed on the wing, 98 Biscuit-box, Robin’s nest in a, 60 Blackbird, A pied, and her nest, 66 Boats, Photographing from, 44 Boy, Frightening a too inquisitive, 147 Butterflies, A crowd of meadow-brown, 140 —, Photographing, 136 —, where they sleep, 141 Butterfly, Curious effect of flashlight on, 142 —, How we photographed a white, 139 —, Orange tip, photographed by flashlight, 141 —, Photographing a small tortoiseshell, 136

Camera, Advice in regard to buying a, 2 —, Description of our, 2 —, Hand, 34 —, How to hide, in winter, 94 —, How to use, down a cliff, 33 —, Miniature, and its uses, 44 —, Pictures obtained by a guinea, 2 —, Price of, 1 Cannibal wasps, 154 Catching moles alive, 129 Caterpillars, 149 Cats as the enemies of birds, 56-69 Cattle, Wild, 134 Chaffinches, Our unsuccessful attempts to photograph, 82 Cliff climbers, Signals used by, 31 — climbing exhilarating work, 30 — — without ropes, Dangers of, 38 — descending, Dangers of, 30 — — good preliminary practice, 26 — —, important precautionary measures, 26 —, How to descend, 23 — photography, The kind of men to assist in, 23 — photography without ropes, 34 —, The right way to descend, 26 —, The wrong way to descend, 25 — work and windy weather, 34 Cliffs, Effects of looking over, on different people, 30

186 Cliffs, how to find birds’ nests in, 20 Cockles and their habits, 178 Cocks’ nests” built by wrens, 91 Courtship of birds, 52 Crabs and baited hooks, 174 ——, Diflienlty of photographing, water, 174 Crows, Carrion, abundance of, near London, 69 under Dainties dear to the sea-sull’s heart, 105 Dangers of cliff climbing without ropes, 38 — of eliff descending, 30 Deer Fallow, Red and Roe, 134 , Possibility of photographing, with telephoto lens, 134 Developing, Hints about, 7 — inaterials, Advice abont, 5 Dog hanged by a mole, 128 Dragou-flies, Where to find, 149. — “fly, Curious effect of flashlight on, 145 —— —, How we photographed a lange, 150 Drunken'wasps, 154 Duck, Wild, The anties of a, 51 Ducks, Eider, and their tameness, 98 Eagle, White-tailed or Sea, Eyrie of, 28 Earwigs and “sugar,” 144 Eels, Breeding habits of, 180 Epping Forest, Deer in, Escape, A hairbreadth, 28 —, X narrow, 99 Farne Islands and the sea-birds breeding on them, 97 Faults to whieh the amateur photographer is ‘one, 7 Feathered robbers of the sea, 107 Feeding and photographing’ young sea-gulls, 104 — binls in winter, 94 Ferret, Squirrel’s horror of a, 127 Field glasses, Advice about, 9 — work, Advice about, 6 Fish photographed whilst swimming in the water, 163 Fishermen's bait and stariish, 176 Flashlamp, Frightening a too inquisitive boy with a, 147 Flashlight, Curious effect of, on orange tip butterfly, 142 — mistaken for li —— photography, 8 Fledglings, Photographing, 83 Flies eaught by a single spider's web, 159 Focus, How to obtain a good sharp, 6 Focussing cloth, the best kind to use, 5 Food collecting habits of bearded t —,, How barnacles catch their, 182 —} How binis give all their young, 88 —] Mole's inability to do without, for more than twelve hours, 131 Fox at play, 120; ntning, 147 Wiio Lire AT Home. Fox trying to catch a pheasant, Foxos, Young, drowned by accident, 121 Fright, A bad, 37 Frog music, 166 Frog's ery of fear, 165 leap, Length’ of, 166 Frogs and their food, 1644 —, Where they love to breed, 166 Fulmar Petrel, breeding in the Shetlands, 111 Gardeners and starlings, 77 Glow-worm and its light, 147 Goats, Wild, 134 Grasshoppets as “sitters,” 161 Grief of a great tit, 64 Ground, Squirrels on the, 12° Guide books to photography, 1 Gulls, Immature, in our harbours, 103 —— like to wash in fresh water, 106 Habitat of rats, how it is extended, 123 — of stag beetles, 1: Habit, Curious, of great skuas, 111 , Peculiar, of wild cattle, 134 Habits, Curious, of hates, 113 , Breeding, of eels, 180 —; —, of salmon, 180 —'ofa blackbird, 6 — of the eockle, —— of common rat, — of great tit, 62 — of starlings and blackbirds compared, 78 — of trout, 168 — of water-voles, 123 —— of weasels, 120 Hares and their curious habits, 113 — — — love of old haunts, 114 —, Tricks practised by, 114 Haunts, the love of hares for old, 114 Hebrides, and where to work them from, 100} Hedgehogs. 127 Hedges, high, How to photograph nests in, 2 Hedge-sparrow, Habits of, 54 —, nest building, 54 Hiding contrivances, 10-17 — up for shy animals, 9 Hints, A few general, 17 Important points, 1 Industry of male chaffinches, 83 —- of starlings, 78 Iuseets, A method of photographing, 151 —, Important point about photographing, ‘139 —,, Photographing, 136 Instinet rersus reason, 26 Iustiuctive movements of worms, 128 Instincts of trout, 169 Intelligence of ants, 155 Kittiwakes, Photographing, on their nests, 103

INDEX.

187

Larder, A weasel’s, 120 “Leather-jackets” destroyed by starlings, 76 Lens, Importance of buying a good, 2 —, Telephoto, and its uses, 7 —, —, Possibility of photographing deer with, 134 — —, Possibility of photographing horses with, 116 —, —, and seals, 173 Leverets, Photographing a pair of, 116 Light emitted by glow-worm, 147 Limpets above high water mark, 180 Lizards as “sitters,” 170 Lobster, Attempts to photograph, under water, 174 London, The birds of, 56 Love-making of hares, 113

Mammals, British, 113 Men to assist in cliff work, 23 Mice, Nests of, 132 —, their cunning and timidity, 131 Mole, How a, caught beetles, 130 Moles, Great strength of, 128 —, How to catch alive, 129 —, Inability to do without food for more than twelve hours, 131 —, When they come to the surface of the ground, 129 Mollusca on rocky shores, 178 —, Wandering habits of, 179 Moorhen, Curious noise made by a, 71 Moorhens, How I caught a number of young, 70. —, How they hide their nests, 70 Moth, Ermine, 146 Moths, “Sugaring” for, 143 —, Suitable nights for “sugaring” for, 144 — that may be photographed by daylight 148 Mourning period of a blackbird, 68 Mouse, A pet, 132 —, How I caught a, 131 Music of frogs, 166 Mussel, Anchor threads of, 177 Mussels in millions, 176