WATER AND SEWER INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT (SUKAP) SDG Targets 6.1 - 6.2 – 6.3 – 6.4 Executing Entity ILBANK Start & End Dates 2011-Ongoing The Project provides grants covering the half of project cost from the central budget to the municipalities with a population of 25,000 or less for drinking water and sanitation services. The Project also ensures the improvement of the quality of drinking water, which directly affects human health in the municipalities and commissioning of new water resources. Further, effective, efficient, and environmentally sensitive city infrastructure facilities are established by addressing the need for sewer infrastructure and wastewater treatment plants. To date, 1,289 works have been initiated with a total project amounted of 8.6 billion TL (at current prices) (3.14 billion USD). For these projects, 3.4 billion TL (at current prices) (1.24 billion USD) in grants and 5.2 billion TL (1.9 billion USD) loan financing were allocated. 892 projects were completed and 397 projects are underway. To minimise the development disparities between provinces and regions, the project Supporting Village Infrastructure (KÖYDES) was launched. Under this project, 49,259 facilities were built in 2005-2017 to provide clean water to a rural population of 16,746,473 with no or with limited access to clean water. Further, 1,377 septic tanks or treatment facilities were built serving 132,158 people. Besides, 2,079 small-scale irrigation facilities were commissioned under this project. Additional investments were required as municipal infrastructure facilities such as provision of clean water capacity especially in the provinces affected by the Syrian refugees living under temporary protection due to the Syrian Crisis that started in 2011. Box 1 covers the investments made in this context. Box 1. Clean Water Investments for Syrians In order to meet the drinking water demand, which doubled due to the migration to Kilis, water was urgently supplied from a new source. However, due to its insufficiency, the construction of the Afrin Dam initiated in 2013 was completed in 2018. While drinking water in Gaziantep is predicted to be sufficient until 2023, due to the increased population, the construction of Düzbag Dam with a cost of 2.2 billion TL (400 million USD) was moved to an earlier date and thus the project was launched in 2016. Due to the insufficient water resources in all districts of Sanlıurfa province, drinking water projects with a total portfolio of 530.7 million TL (96.5 million USD) were launched in the districts of Siverek, Suruç, Hilvan, Birecik-Halfeti, and Viransehir. Since the available drinking water supply capacity of Hatay was not sufficient to meet the demand, the construction of the ongoing Büyük Karaçaya Dam was accelerated and the dam construction completed. The municipalities used approximately 2.9 billion TL (521 million USD) loans from JICA for drinking water and sanitation infrastructure through ILBANK. In the context of international cooperation to increase access to clean drinking water and sanitation, projects have recently been undertaken in Mauritania, Djibouti, Niger, Ethiopia, Sudan, Mali, Somalia, Burkina Faso, and Syria. Turkey provides approximately 5 million USD development aids on the average annually. In the context of effective management of water resources master plans for 25 basins were completed; and work is underway for river basin management plans. These action plans are currently being transformed into River Basin Management Plans to ensure the full provision of basin management in line with the EU Water Framework Directive. Works were completed in 6 basins and is underway for 5 basins. With the River Basin Management Plans, which will be completed and put into practice by 2023, the integrated water resources management is planned with protection and use principle. The Central Board of Basin Management was formed to formulate strategies and plans, take measures to ensure coordination and cooperation among sectors, adopt an integrated basin management approach, achieve national objectives and fulfill international commitments. As for the 74 TURKEY’s 2nd VNR 2019 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS “Strong Ground towards Common Goals”
sectoral distribution of water use, approximately 74% is
consumed for agricultural irrigation, leaving industrial and
domestic use at relatively low levels of 13%.
Figure 4. Sectoral Water Use for Turkey
With the sectoral water allocation plans, water needs of each
sector, allocation plans at the basin and sectoral sub-basin
are analysed in terms of economic, social and environment
by also taking into account drought factor. To date, water
allocation plans have been completed for 3 basins, and work
is underway for 2 basins and planned to complete for all
basins by 2023. Under the Climate Change Impacts on Water
Resources and Adaptation Project, temperature, precipitation,
water potential, water deficit/surplus projections were
prepared for each basin up to 2100; groundwater potential
and surface water level changes were identified, water
budget was modelled and the impact of water for human
consumption, agriculture and industry main sectors were
analysed. Considering the quantities of water distributed and
drawn from source by municipalities in 2016, the rate of theft
and loss, or non-charged water, was estimated at 36% as of
2017. Some municipalities implemented several practices to
reduce water theft and loss, yet the theft and loss rate has not
improved to the desired levels, and the reduction of this rate is
still important.
Accordingly, with the regulation made in 2014, standards
and measures regarding the control of water loss in the
supply and distribution systems have been determined in
order to effectively use drinking water and to prevent waste.
With this regulation, municipalities and water administrations
aim to reduce the rate of water loss, averaging 25% by 2023.
Priority Transformation Program on Enhancing Efficiency
of Water Use in Agriculture improved modernization of
irrigation infrastructure, efficiency of institutional structures,
strengthened the links between irrigation investments and
agricultural production and improved the cooperation between
institutions and efficient water usage.
Due to water scarcity, agriculture production is planned
through water-basin model. In addition, efficient irrigation
system for efficient use of water is promoted through
subsidies.
With regard to prevent pollution, preventing water pollution
and improving water quality and quantity legal regulations,
policies, and practices are developed to preserve and
improve groundwater and surface water resources in terms
of quality and quantity. In line with the work on developing
the National Monitoring Network, Basin Monitoring Programs
were established for each basin. The said programs
allow monitoring general chemical and physico-chemical
parameters, priority substances, known contaminants,
biological quality components and hydro-morphological
quality components at 2,877 monitoring points in rivers, lakes,
passage, and coastal waters. The Wastewater Treatment
Action Plan that encompasses the necessary investments
and improvements for wastewater treatment facilities and
sanitation systems were updated for 2017-2023.
To preserve water resources basin basis, pollution prevention
action plans were prepared for 8 river basins, along with the
treatment sludge management plan for Ergene and Gediz
River Basins. Work is underway to scale up these plans across
the country.
To manage the wastewater treatment facilities in an
environmentally-sensitive manner, energy incentive
payments are offered up to 50% of the energy expenses of
these facilities.
The basic policy objective is to reduce water quantity per
production unit and prevent pollution. In this context, there
are sector-specific works in progress. For example, Clean
Production Plans were approved for 136 textile facilities in
2017 to promote clean production in the textile sector. These
practices provided savings of approximately 2695 m3/day in
water and 7035 kWh/ton-fabric in energy.
13%
13%
74%
Agricultural Irrigation
Industry
Domestic Use
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An inventory was made of all existing hazardous chemicals
at water resources for all sectors for monitoring purposes.
The work was completed in 2014, and Environmental Quality
Standards were defined for 250 substances. In all water
basins, vulnerable areas in terms of urban water pollution in
surface waters as well as zones vulnerable to nitrates were
identified; water quality objectives and measures to improve
water quality were defined.
Reducing human settlement pressure at river basins,
treatment of urban and industrial wastewaters, the control of
the agricultural pesticides and manure use still maintain their
importance for the sustainability of water resources.
NEXT STEPS:
The following policies will be implemented in the upcoming
years to achieve SDG 6:
• Preparing a National Water Plan that ensures sustainable
management of water resources, in terms of both quality
and quantity, as well as with an approach in which a balance
is sought between conservation and development.
• Continuously developing safe and clean drinking water
services across all urban and rural populations.
• Combating water violations/losses more effectively through
the enforceable penalties and incentive system.
• Developing affordable and sustainable financing models,
including a public-private partnership in investment and
management of drinking water and sanitation services.
• Continuing to support efficient irrigation methods in
agriculture.
• Modernizing irrigation infrastructure to reduce water loss,
• Strengthening coordination among public agencies for
effective management of water resources.
• Improving the monitoring and control of marine pollution
and increase sanctioning efforts.
• Raising awareness of agricultural producers to effectively
use water.
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5.7. SDG 7. ENSURE ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE, SUSTAINABLE AND MODERN ENERGY FOR ALL 26 Due to its calculation methodology, these are different from SDG TURKSTAT indicators (Indicator 7.2.1). These are calculated using the general energy balance table of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Access to energy is one of the basic needs and important component of reducing poverty. As of 2010, 100% of the population access to electricity in Turkey. In 2017, the share of renewable energy in the final energy consumption was about 12%.26 Substantial investment and finance are required to achieve SDG 7. It is impossible for public sources to cover all of the investments. Investments by private sector in such areas as renewable energy, energy efficiency, green buildings and clean energy resources will make significant contributions to achieve SDG 7. POLICIES In addition to NDPs and strategic plans of relevant public institutions, key policy documents on SDG 7 include the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, Electrical Energy Market and Supply Security Strategy, Turkey National Renewable Energy Action Plan, Energy Efficiency Strategy, National Climate Response Strategy, Climate Action Plan, Climate Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan. The key components of the policy framework in line with SDG 7 are as follows: • Maximising use of domestic and renewable energy resources, and regain these resources in a secure, economic and qualified manner to economy, • Minimising wastage and environmental effect of energy, • Increasing the share of renewable energy in power generation through resource diversification. • Making efforts towards energy generation through resources such as hydroelectricity, along with solar, wind, geothermal, biomass. • Subsidising domestic equipment use in renewable energy generation • Reducing energy intensity of industry, • Providing supports for energy efficiency in buildings, • Easing the burden of energy costs on economy, • Scaling up high efficiency motors in industry, • Increasing electrical vehicles in transport. LEGISLATION Amendments are made to the existing legislations to ensure access to affordable, secure and modern energy. Electric Market legislations aim at providing electricity in a sufficient, quality, continuous, low cost and environmentally friendly manner to the consumers; form a financially strong, stable and transparent electrical energy market; and ensure autonomous regulations and audits in this market. At the same time, electricity market legislation promotes small scaled power plant to contribute to the economy effectively and ensures that losses in electricity grids are minimized to provide universal access to power. Legislation offers a framework that is encouraging electricity generation from renewable energy resources. In the field of energy efficiency, there are various regulations that offers incentives for increasing energy efficiency in industry, buildings and transport. According to the regulations of European Energy Charter Treaty, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol to which Turkey is a party, to increase energy supply security, there are regulations that seek to enhance the international cooperation in reforming efficiency of the processes from the production to the distribution of energy and promoting investments regarding clean energy technology. 77 TURKEY’s 2nd VNR 2019 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS “Strong Ground towards Common Goals”