s44185-025-00102-9.pdf

npj | biodiversity Review https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Unlocking the African bioeconomy and strengthening biodiversity conservation through genomics and bioinformatics Check for updates The African BioGenome Project (AfricaBP) is a Pan-African initiative aimed at improving food systems and biodiversity conservation through genomics while ensuring equitable data sharing and bene ﬁts. The Open Institute is the knowledge exchange platform of the AfricaBP, which aims to bridge local knowledge gaps in biodiversity genomics and bioinformatics and enable infrastructural developments. In 2024, the AfricaBP Open Institute advanced this mission by organizing 31 workshops that attracted more than 3500 registered attendees across 50 African countries, provided training to 401 African researchers in genomics, bioinformatics, molecular biology, sample collections and biobanking, and ethical considerations, across all ﬁve African geographical regions involving 40 African and non-African organizations. These workshops provide insights on applications of biodiversity genomics and bioinformatics to the African bioeconomy, as well as hands-on training in sample collection and processing, genomics, bioinformatics, molecular biology, and gene editing. Here, we provide the current understanding of the applications of biodiversity genomics and bioinformatics to the African bioeconomy through synthetic reviews and presentations, including descriptions of 31 workshops organized as well as three fellowship programs delivered or launched by the AfricaBP Open Institute in collaboration with African and international institutions and industry partners. We review the current national bioeconomy strategies across Africa and the economic impact of sequencing African genomes locally, illustrated by a case study on the proposed 1000 Moroccan Genome Project. Key recommendations include integrating biodiversity genomics and bioinformatics into national bioeconomy strategies, leveraging genomics for sustainable bioeconomy growth, and expanding capacity-building initiatives across Africa. Background The African BioGenome Project (AfricaBP) (https://africanbiogenome.org/) is a transformative, continent-wide initiative aimed at sequencing, catalo- ging, and studying the genomes of Africa ’s rich and diverse biodiversity. Among its ambitious goals is the sequencing of approximately 105,000 non- human genomes (plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and other eukaryotes), a crucial endeavor to beneﬁt the African population in areas of food security and biodiversity conservation with the applications of advanced tools of biotechnology and genomics to build a sustainable bioeconomy 1.T h e Open Institute for Genomics and Bio informatics (Open Institute) is the knowledge exchange platform of the AfricaBP, which was established to enable curriculum development, technology and infrastructure advancements, policy in ﬂuence, encourage scienti ﬁc entrepreneurship and enhance bioeconomy through biodiversity genomics and bioinformatics across Africa 2,3. The increasing concern about changing climatic conditions and their effects on the management and conservation of biological resources highlights the urgent need to develop effective models for sustainable resource management 4. The bioeconomy is the production, utilization, and conservation of biological resources, including related knowledge, science, technology, and innovation, to provide information, products, processes, and services across all economic sectors, aiming toward a sustainable economy 5. It entails, amongst others, the production of renewable biological resources and the conversion of these resources into value-added products4,6. According to the World Bioeconomy Forum, the current total value of the global bioeconomy is estimated at US$4 e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 1 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; trillion7,8, encompassing the ﬁnancial value of products in, amongst others, agriculture, forestry, food, bioenergy, biotechnology and green chemistry, which were exported worldwide 9. This value could potentially increase to US$30 trillion by 2050, representing one-third of the global economic value7,8. Currently, the United States of America and North- West Europe lead in bioeconomy research 10, with other regions, including Africa, lagging behind. The bioeconomy is fundamentally dependent on biodiversity7,w h i c h provides megadiverse regions such as Africa the opportunities to increase national revenues in a post-fossil economy through genomics advances in generating microbial factories thatproduce important compounds for the chemical industry 11 such as biore ﬁneries12 (Fig. 1). However, of the 17 sectors included in bioeconomy strategies and monitoring across seven (7) countries and the European Union, genomics was notably absent13. In Africa, efforts to implement bio technology, genomics, bioinfor- matics, and computational biology such as the Southern African Biosciences Network and Biosciences East and Central Africa are contributing towards the growth of the African bioeconom y ecosystem, but these are variable across countries and regions2,3,14–16. For example, an analysis of 152 studies on the African bioeconomy showed South Africa as the leading nation in African bioeconomy research, with strong interconnection to other African geographical regions, followed by the gradual progress of Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, as well as the slow progress of Tanzania, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Rwanda, Egypt, and Madagascar 17.T h eﬁndings of the analysis contextualize continental research loopholes such as limited opportunities in prioritizing research and devel opment (R&D) in public policies and strategies, including limited agricultural interventions to address natural resource degradation, climate change 18 and limited information on the revenue value of the African bioeconomy19,20 as well as the contributions of biodiversity genomics and bioinformatics to the African bioeconomy1. The AfricaBP Open Institute is enhancing capacity-building and strengthening efforts across Africa, advancing our knowledge in genomics and bioinformatics and their contributions to the African bioeconomy. For instance, in 2023, the AfricaBP Open Institute organized the inaugural edition of its regional workshop model involving awareness and hands-on practicals in genomics, bioinformatics, sample collections, and policy thematic areas 2,3. In 2024, the AfricaBP Open Institute built upon its inaugural regional workshop model by organizing thirty-one (31) workshops through public–private partnerships, which attracted 3595 registered attendees across 50 African countries and trained 401 African researchers (Figs. S1–S4). Here, we highlight the current understanding of the applications of biodiversity genomics and bioinformatics in driving the African bioec- onomy; assess and predict the econo mic impact of locally sequencing genomes of African endemic and indigenous species and integrating sequencing into national economic p lans and bioeconomy strategies; examine the advancements in the AfricaBP Open Institute in 2024 through the development of fellowship programs and its hands-on genomics and bioinformatics practical workshops; and provide actionable strategies for future directions of the AfricaBP O pen Institute to drive measurable impacts. The predicted economic impact of biodiversity geno- mics on the African bioeconomy: A Moroccan case study The global genomics market is projected to grow from US$42.64 billion in 2024 to US$66.85 billion by 2029, and it is driven by factors such as increased prevalence of human gen etic disorders, rising adoption of personalized medicine, and technological adv ancements in genome sequencing 21.I n Africa, the economic impact of genomics and bioinformatics is signiﬁcant. A cost–beneﬁt analysis of the South African Beef Genomics Program revealed that a total investment of US$44 million over 10 years was expected to yield at least US$139 million in beneﬁts, with an economic return of 18.70% and a Beneﬁt–Cost Ratio of 3.1, indicating that the present value of future beneﬁts would be approximately three times the costs incurred 22. However, the genomics economy in Africa faces unique challenges, and it is yet to be maximized23,24. African countries allocate an average of 0.45% of their GDP to R&D25,s i g n iﬁcantly below the global average of 1.7%26. This underinvestment is largely attributed to insuf ﬁcient government funding for R&D, infra- structure development, and human cap ital capacity-building initiatives27. These limitations hinder the transformation of Africa’s intellectual capital into tangible products and services that could boost economic growth28. Biodiversity genomics offers transformative economic opportunities for Africa, with the sequencing of 105,000 species projected to generate substantial direct, indirect, and induced impacts across the continent. Contributing to these sequenced genomes requires concerted efforts at the national level, especially driven by national networks of scientists in biodi- versity genomics and bioinformatics

Here, we draw insights from Mor- occo’s proposed 1000 genome sequen cing investment model (Fig. 1), highlighting the economic and societal beneﬁts of genome sequencing for the African bioeconomy. Approaches and outcomes We performed an economic impact and cost-beneﬁt analysis (see Box1 for detailed methodology) of sequencing 1000 Moroccan genomes locally in Morocco. To evaluate the economic impacts, an Input/Output (I/O) ana- lysis was conducted using the Leontief I/O model 29.T h i sm e t h o d o l o g y examines economic interdependencies between sectors and quantiﬁes the direct, indirect, and induced eff ects of investments. The Cost-Bene ﬁt Analysis framework assessed the economic feasibility and sustainability of t h eg e n o m es e q u e n c i n gi n i t i a t i v eo v e ra1 0 - y e a rp e r i o d ,a n di ti n v o l v e d using the economic metrics derived from I/O model outputs, environmental data, net present value calculatio ns, and key assumptions such as an investment of US$20 million in t he proposed 1000 Moroccan genome project. The outcomes show impacts across sectors, long-term projects, and economic returns as described below Sectoral contributions agriculture and beyond Genome sequencing directly beneﬁts agriculture, ﬁshing, research and development (R&D), and education (Fig. 1A). Agriculture, the largest contributor, accounts forover 53% of total economic output, driven by innovations like precisi on breeding of drought-resistant crops and disease-resilient livestock. These advancements improve yields and food security, especial ly for biodiversity-rich nations suchas Kenya and Madagascar 30,31. Fishing and aquaculture also beneﬁt through sustainable practices and resilient species identiﬁca- tion (Fig. 1A). Meanwhile, R&D cata lyzes innovation across agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and conservation, contributing 40% of economic returns (Fig. 1A). Educational investments ensure a skilled workforce capable of implementing these genomic advancements. Long-term projections The economic beneﬁts of genome sequencing are projected to grow signiﬁcantly over time (Fig. 1B). Over two decades, total economic- contributions are expected to rise from US$35 million in the ﬁrst 5 years to US$79 million by the 20th y ear. Agriculture remains the- dominant sector, reaching US$34 million by the 20th year, while R&D maintains a steady 28% co ntribution. Spillover beneﬁts fro- magriculture bolster downstream industries like food processing and ecotourism, collectively adding millions to Africa ’s economy (Fig. 1B). Cost-effectiveness: Strong economic returns A cost-beneﬁt analysis highlights the initiative’s economic feasibility, with a Beneﬁt–Cost Ratio (BCR) of 3.29, indicating US3.29 in beneﬁts for every US$1 invested (Fig. 1C). Over 10 years, a $20 million investment is projected to yield discounted beneﬁts of US$40 million and a net present value (NPV) of US$28 million (Fig.1C). Integrating genomics and bioinformatics into national economic plans and bioeconomy strategies To fully harness the transformative po tential of biodiversity genomics, African countries and institutions should adopt a strategic and integrative https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 2 economic approach. Establishing regional sequencing hubs and state-of-the- art laboratories is critical to reducing dependency on external facilities, fos- tering local innovations, and providing jobs for early careers and established scientists 32,33. Simultaneously, capacity-building initiatives should be strengthened through comprehensivetraining programs and international partnerships to equip a skilled workforcew i t ht h ee x p e r t i s en e e d e dt oi m p l e - ment genomic technologies effectively2,3. Prioritizing the sequencing of high- impact species, such as drought-resistantcrops and disease-resilient livestock, will ensure maximum economic, environmental, and societal beneﬁts34. Fur- thermore, robust policies must be developed to safeguard genomic data, promote equitable sharing of beneﬁts, and protect intellectual property derived from genomic research
Encouraging public–private partnerships through incentives like tax breaks and grants will attract investments and enable col- laboration between governments, academia, and industries36. The landscape of national bioeconomy strategies across Africa African nations are increasingly adopting bioeconomy strategies to govern biodiversity for sustainable development, addressing gaps in education, R&D, and policymaking
Only 12 African countries have established bioeconomy strategies: South Afri ca and Ethiopia have comprehensive bioeconomy strategies37,38, while Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, and Uganda have bioeconomy-related strategies

South Africa is a continental leader in the bioeconomy, integrating agriculture, health, and industry within its bioeconomy framework through institutions like the Technology Innovation Agency and sig- niﬁcant public-private investments 39,40. Notably, sustainable marine aquaculture has become an emerging component of this food security and economic growth strategy, aligning with broader national goals to diversify the blue economy and improve nutrition, employment, and livelihoods through aquaculture innovation 41,42. One example is the application of genomic techniques such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and genome annotation to improve growth, disease resistance, and productivity in key aquaculture species like abalone (Haliotis midae) 43,44. Genomic studies on Cape hakes also reveal population structure shaped by overﬁshing, prompting region-speciﬁc management 45,46. These efforts are supported by regional initiativessuch as ASTRAL and LIMAQUA, which promote the integration of genomics into sustainable aquaculture practices across Africa 47,48. Collectively, these initiatives have positioned the country as a global bioeconomy model, su pported by strong policies and infrastructure39. AA BB CC Fig. 1 | The proposed 1000 Moroccan genome project will create a positive economic impact and demonstrate an increased cost–beneﬁt ratio. The predicted economic impact and cost –beneﬁt analysis of the genomes project illustrate the projected economic beneﬁts, long-term impacts, and cost–beneﬁt analysis outcomes of the proposed 1000 Moroccan genomes project. A Economic Impact by Sector: shows the distribution of economic impacts across key sectors, including agriculture, ﬁshing, research and development (R&D), education, and other sectors. The largest impacts are observed in agriculture and R&D, respectively, re ﬂecting their central role in generating economic bene ﬁts from genome sequencing. The average agri- cultural contribution is 53% (the total economic impact attributed to agriculture was US$13 million, while the combined impact of all sectors amounted to ~US $24,340,000 million). The average R&D contribution is 40% (the total economic impact for R&D was $10 million, while the same overall economic impact of US $24,340,000 million). B Long-term Economic Impact Projections: illustrate the cumulative economic bene ﬁts over a 5-, 10-, and 20-year period. Sectors such as agriculture, R&D, and downstream industries exhibit signi ﬁcant growth, with total impacts surpassing $78 million after 20 years. This underscores the long-term sustainability of the genome sequencing investment. C Cost–beneﬁt Analysis (10-year Projection): displays the results of the 10-year cost-bene ﬁt analysis. It highlights key metrics, including Total Cost, Discounted Cost, Total Bene ﬁt, Dis- counted Beneﬁt, and net present value (NPV). The analysis reveals a Bene ﬁt–Cost ratio (BCR) of 3.29, indicating that every dollar invested generates US$3.29 in beneﬁts, afﬁrming the economic viability of the project. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 3 Similarly, within the Southern African region, Namibia links its bioeconomy development strategy to its Vision 2030 by focusing on biomass from bush thinning for job creation, biodiversity manage- ment, and sustainable land use, all established by multi-stakeholder engagement 17,39,40. In East Africa, the 2022 modern bioeconomy strat- e g yb yt h eE a s tA f r i c a nC o m m u n i t y, which includes Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, has signi ﬁcant potential to support several critical development goals and targets for the region. This strategy aimed at creating an e nabling environment for increased Science, Technology, and Innova tion (STI) investments to support sustainable development and s ocio-economic transformation 49.F o r instance, Uganda has particularly focused its bioeconomy develop- ment strategy on advancing its agricu ltural and energy sectors through biotechnology and nanotechnology, and also on promoting public- private partnerships 39,40. Furthermore, Ethiopia has recently imple- mented a national bioeconomy strategy to bene ﬁt from its rich diversity of ﬂora and fauna through the development and promotion of a sustainable knowledge-based bioeconomy 38. In West Africa, Nigeria aligns its bioeconomy initiatives with its national biotechnology policy (2001) and the biofuel policy incentives (2007) 20, while Ghana aligns with the Climate-Smart Agriculture Plan 39, respectively. Ghana capitalizes on its rich biodiversity and biomass resources to promote economic growth, including the development of sustainable bio-manufacturing industries 40. Moreover, educational institu- tions and public–private partnerships play a central role in driving Ghana’s science and technology outputs for economic growth50. Current understanding of African bioeconomy through biodiversity genomics The AfricaBP Open Institute regional workshops in 2024 were organized using the model previously discussed in Sharaf et al.3,o v e ra5 - d a yp e r i o d . Days 1 and 2 were symposium style (Fig. S1) which recorded a total of 3595 registered attendees (Figs. S2–S4) while Day 3–5 were distributed practicals across multiple sites and countries. Ther e g i o n a lw o r k s h o p swere coordinated by the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria (West Africa) from 5 to 9 May, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kenya (East and Central Africa) from 5 to 9 August, University of South Africa (Southern Africa), from 9th to 13th September, and Mohammed V Uni- versity in Rabat (UM5R), Morocco (North Africa) from 25 to 29 November, respectively. Here, we provide a synthetic review of selected keynotes, guests, oral and poster presentations by earl y career and established researchers during Day 1 and Day 2 across allﬁve African geographical regions, and these are categorized under theﬁve AfricaBP Grand Challenges 1,2 as given below. Genomics and bioinformatics technologies for the agri-environment Recent advancements in genomics and bioinformatics have the potential to revolutionize agriculture, livestock management, and biodiversity conservation 51,52. For instance, progress in sequencing technologies, particularly long-read sequencing methods, has addressed challenges in genome assembly, enabling near error-free reference genomes that signi ﬁcantly enhance the accuracy of functional genomic analyses 53. Furthermore, the generation of high-quality genome assemblies for African cattle breeds, namely: Bos indicus × Bos taurus Mpwapwa, Bos indicus Iringa Red, Bos indicus Singida White, Bos indicus Gudali, and B o st a u r u sL a g u n e, represent a signiﬁcant step forward towards understanding the genetic diversity and adaptive traits underlying Africa’s extensive cattle heritage 54–56. These assemblies provide resources for identifying genetic markers linked to selection signatures and adaptive expressionquantitative trait loci (eQTLs) 57. Moreover, they facilitate the development of breeding programs designed to enhance climate resilience and disease resistance, ensuring sustainable livestock systems for the continent 58,59. The applications extend beyond li vestock genomics. The genome assembly of Hippobosca camelina, commonly known as the camel ked, revealed chemosensory genes that are vital to its parasitic life- cycle, enabling targeted control strategies to mitigate economic losses Box 1 Materials and methods to estimate the economic impacts and cost– beneﬁt of sequencing biodiversity in Africa: A Moroccan case study Data sources: The Supply and Use Table (SUT) was obtained from https://www.hcp.ma/, which is the Higher Planning Commission in Morocco, an independent government statistical institution. The input–output matrix was derived and kindly provided by Elguellab and Ezzahid, 2023163. The input–output matrix provides a comprehensive framework that outlines: (a) Inputs that involve goods and services con- sumed by industries for production, (b) Outputs that involve goods and services produced by each industry and their ﬁnal destinations, such as exports, household consumption, or investments, and (c) Inter-industry ﬂows which involve transactions showing how outputs of one industry serve as inputs for another. Analysis was performed by feeding these data into a custom Python script. Input/Output (I/O) analysis: To evaluate the economic impacts of sequencing 1000 genomes in Morocco, an Input/Output (I/O) analysis was conducted using the Leontief I/O model. This methodology exam- ines economic interdependencies between sectors and quanti ﬁes the direct, indirect, and induced effects of investments. Matrix structure: A 27-sector I/O matrix was developed, encom- passing agriculture, ﬁshing, manufacturing, R&D, and services. Base case: Represented Morocco’s current economic structure without gen- ome sequencing. Adjusted case: Integrated genome sequencing impacts, with increased technical coefﬁcients for agriculture, ﬁshing, and R&D sectors. Technical coefﬁcients calculation: A_ij = Intermediate consumption by sector i from sector j/total output of sector j Model implementation: Leontief inverse calculation: (I−A) −1, where A is the technical coef ﬁ- cient matrix. Final demand vector ( F): Allocated a $20M investment equally between R&D and agriculture to simulate genome sequencing impacts. Adjustments for productivity: A 10% productivity improvement was applied to agriculture-related sectors. Strengthened linkages were modeled between R&D and other sectors, including education, ﬁshing, and agriculture. Cost– beneﬁt analysis (CBA) The CBA framework assessed the economic feasibility and sustain- ability of the genome sequencing initiative over a 10-year period. Data sources: Economic metrics derived from I/O model outputs. Environmental data included reductions in carbon emissions, land use, and water consumption. Export data leveraged trends in the agricultural, aquaculture, and pharmaceutical sectors. Analytical framework: Net present value (NPV): Calculated as NPV = Σ(Beneﬁts_t−Costs_t)/(1 + r) t where r = 5% (discount rate). Beneﬁt–Cost ratio (BCR): Determined by dividing total discounted bene ﬁts by discounted costs. Key assumptions: Investment costs: $20M, including operational and infrastructural expenses. Productivity gains: Derived from sectoral mul- tipliers established in the I/O analysis. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 4 in camel-rearing communities 60. Similarly, biodiversity research utilizes genomic tools, with DNA barcoding successfully resolving hidden species within the Labeobarbus genus, advancing both conservation efforts and sustainableﬁsheries management 61. Crops and livestock improvements and health Africa is making signi ﬁcant advancements in genomics and inno- vation to enhance agricultural productivity and address challenges in crop and livestock health for food security. These advancements are evident in several initiatives such as the West African Virus Epide- miology (WAVE) program in Ivory Coast, a collaborative effort being conducted across 10 West and Central African countries 62,i l l u s - trating the power of genomic surveillance in managing plant pathogens and controlling the spread of exotic diseases 63.I nN i g e r i a , genetic studies on rice have identiﬁed key traits linked to yield sta- bility and environmental resilience, achieved through marker- assisted backcrossing64. This progress is mirrored in other African contexts, such as in Morocco, where the exploration of Argania spinosa has led to valuable understanding of functional genes involved in oil quality and stress resistance65. Similarly in Ethiopia, comprehensive genomic analyses of sorghum are revealing key genetic loci associated with the development of robust root systems, a critical adaptation for drought tolerance 66. These advancements extend beyond crop species. In Tanzania, dairy cows are demonstrat- ing enhanced resilience to high temperatures, which is due to the identiﬁcation of genetic markers associated with thermal tolerance through genomic studies 67. Furthermore, in Morocco, the genetic makeup of the local Sardi sheep breed is characterized, enabling the development of targeted breeding programs that meet the speci ﬁc needs of local livestock producers 68,69. Additionally, research from Morocco highlights the important role of both neutral and adaptive genomic diversity in providing resilience to environmental pressures, laying the groundwork for sustainable breeding programs 70,71.T h e integration of genomics with Arti ﬁcial intelligence technologies is being actively applied in breeding programs, aiming to enhance food security by prioritizing biodiver sity, improving resilience, and optimizing agricultural practices 72. Genomics for the conservation of endangered and endemic species Over 90% of endangered, endemic, and indigenous African species remain unsequenced, despite th eir ecological importance and declining populations1. Genomic research on endemic and endan- gered African species provides i mportant understanding for their preservation and conservation across Africa73. For instance, genomic analyses of African wildlife have demonstrated how disruptions in migratory routes and introgression events shape population struc- tures and phylogeography 74,75. Another example is the employment of DNA barcoding techniques by th e South African National Bio- diversity Institute (SANBI) at the Pretoria National Botanical Gar- dens to protect South Africa ’s biodiversity hotspot 76.A d v a n c e d methods such as remote sensing and machine learning, are used to study plant phenology, includingﬂowering patterns and their asso- ciations with insect pollinators77. Additionally, studies using Malaise traps in cultivated and natural areas are used to reveal variations in insect diversity, while Natural Language Processing techniques have been applied to classify insect functional groups, enhancing the understanding of plant –insect interactions and their ecological signiﬁcance 78. Furthermore, the Institute of Genomics and Global Health (IGH, formerly the African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases— ACEGID) at Redeemer ’s University, Nigeria, employs genomic techniques to address microbial threats in West Africa. This includes the use of real-time genomic sequencing during outbreaks, as evidenced during the Ebola and COVID-19 epidemics 79,80.N o t a b l e advancements include the development of a multiplex testing platform capable of detecting up to 49 pathogen species in a single test and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), identifying genes linked to resistance and susceptibility to diseases like Lassa fever 81. These efforts enhance health crisis management and mitigate risks to both human and wildlife populations. Genomic tools also facilitate the identi ﬁcation of cryptic species, including those critically endangered 82. Understanding adaptive traits provides opportunities for timely interventions during d isease outbreaks, population declines, or the emergence of invasive species. For example, research on giraffe populations identi ﬁed signiﬁcant genetic differentiation and historical gene ﬂow among lineages, challenging traditional species classiﬁcations and enriching our understanding of their evolutionary history 83. These diverse applications of genomics enable the monitoring of species populations and their health, driving the development of targeted conservation strategies, therefore, preser- ving Africa’s unique genetic resources and ecological heritage 84–86. Ethics, socio-economics, and policy issues Africa, the world ’s second most biodiverse continent 87,h o l d s immense potential for aligning biodiversity conservation with socio- economic development, thereby advancing towards a green and blue economy 88,89. Preserving ecological infrastructure is crucial for maintaining ecosystem services and reducing reliance on built infrastructure. For example, South Africa’s healthy catchments are vital for water resource management, indicating the signiﬁcance of ecological health in ensuring resource resilience 90. Similarly, Nigeria’s National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA) reinforces its commitment to safeguarding biodiversity through the responsible application of modern biotechnology 91. Global frameworks, such as the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodi- versity Framework adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity 92, and supported by the International Union for Con- servation of Nature (IUCN), offer structured pathways to halt and reverse biodiversity loss and integrate conservation into global policy, focusing on biodiversity preservation and the enhancement of eco- system services for present and future generations 93. Data-driven strategies are equallyimportant; the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), for instance, mobilizes extensive biodiversity records to provide open access to data, empowering policymakers and researchers to design sustainable, evidence-based practices 94. African organizations and programs such as the Nigerian Conservation Foundation contribute to (and leverage on) the GBIF platform to promote sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, and ﬁsheries, while quantifying the bioeconomy across the region 95 and supporting IUCN ’s agenda. This approach strengthens Africa ’s bioeconomy by advancing biodive rsity informatics and guiding policies that promote sustainable resource use96. Efforts to promote sustainable landscape connectivity, such as those in the Maghreb region of North Africa, driven by UNESCO, enhance ecosystem resilience while providing socio-economic bene ﬁts like improved livelihoods and climate adaptation. Ethical governance and inclusive policies are central to these initiatives 97,98. Collectively, these initiatives, integrating cultural and biological diversity into science and education, align with the AfricaBP Open Institute’sl o c a l -ﬁrst, global-later strategy.This strategy is founded on regional training, improved data sharing, and inclusive policy advocacy 1–3 and prioritizes the incorporation of local ethics and socio-economic policies wit hin international discourse 2,t h e r e b y advancing Africa towards a sustainable path for biodiversity and socio-economic management. Technology development, knowledge exchange, industry, and commercialization Many sectors, such as agriculture,construction, food, and beverage, rely on resources from the ecosystem, with a decline in the ecosystem functionality estimated to costthe global economy more than US$5 trillion a year 99. Opportunities exist to innovate around conservation, restoration, and building for resilience, integrating genomics, com- puting, and engineering. The Woolly Mammoth de-extinction https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 5 project supported by Colossal aims at restoring Alaska’s forests by assessing the extent to which cont emporary Arctic ecosystems are conducive to the rewilding of megaherbivores, using a woolly mammoth ( Mammuthus primigenius) proxy as a model species through CRISPR-Cas9 100, is one such example, and its economic impact is likely to be felt in the recreational sector101.I nA f r i c a ,s i m i l a r efforts could aim to restore ecological balance and biodiversity, which, in turn, drive sustainable industries and stimulate economic growth. For example, biodiversityconservation contributes to food security through pollinators, helps stamp out disease reservoirs, and supports medicinal innovations, such as anticancer drugs 102,103.T h e protection of endemic species through strong intellectual property frameworks is also evolving across Africa. Such frameworks allow for the commercialization of genetic resources, protect local innovations, and encourage investments in the bioeconomy, especially since intellectual property protection i s mandatory in facilitating open science practices, promoting collaboration, and enabling innovation, which encourages startups 104. Similarly, progress in entrepreneurship has mainly been driven by the private sector in Africa105. However, there is a need to take an integrative, cross-disciplinary and multi- sectoral approach to advance opp ortunities in the bioeconomy, including academia, industry, g overnment, policymakers, where scientiﬁc knowledge can be leveraged not only for economic gains but for broader societal impact such asbuilding pathways that empower the translation of research to market-ready solutions. Summary of course content of selected practical workshops The diversity of hands-on workshops (Fig. S1 and Table 1)c o n d u c t e da s part of the AfricaBP Open Institute regional workshops 2024 highlights the continent’s advancing capabilities in biodiversity genomics and bioinfor- matics (Box 2). Days 3–5 were focused on hands-on practicals to provide foundational exposures in genomics, bioinformatics, sample collections, ethics, and genome editing applicable to non-human species and hosted simultaneously across multiple sites during each scheduled regional work- shop across all ﬁve African geographical regions. The AfricaBP brokered opportunities with 40 African institutions and industry partners to organize twenty-seven (27) hands-on practical workshops to introduce participants to cutting-edge technologies in genome sequencing, bioinformatics, sample collections, ethics, and genome editing, which trained 401 African researchers (see Table1 for details, Fig. S1). Several new hands-on practical workshop sites were added in 2024 and these include, but not limited to, IGH in Nigeria, Pwani University in Kenya, North-West University (NWU) and Stellenbosch University (SU) in South Africa, College of Computing at theUniversity Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P) in Morocco, and Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis (ISSBAT) in Tunisia, while new hands-on practical workshop ana- lysis types added in 2024 were simple sequence repeats (SSR) and trans- posable elements (TEs) in plants as well as genome editing using CRISPR/ Cas9 technology (Table 1). For instance, Illumina ’s hands-on practical workshops held at IGH, Nigeria, int roduced participants to Illumina sequencing technology, in collaboration with their Africa-based partner, ISN Medical. This session focused on DNA extraction, PCR-free library preparations, sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of sequenced data, covering high-throughput sequencing platforms like the Illumina NextSeq 2000 and Illumina NovaSeq 6000 systems. Similarly, the Oxford Nanopore Technology workshop, hosted at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, in collaboration with Distributed Platform in OMICS (DIPLOMICS), introduced participants to sequencing technologies with a focus on the PromethIONﬂow cell system. Addition- ally, the MGI workshop, held at the Agricultural Research Council’sB i o - technology Platform, South Africa, demonstrated the full next-generation sequencing workﬂow using DNA Nanoballs Sequencing (DNBSEQ) tech- nology, andﬁnally, the Inqaba Biotec workshop in Nairobi, Kenya, provided participants with practical training in molecular biology and bioinformatics focused on DNA sequencing techniques, including DNA extraction from sponges and blood samples, PCR ampli ﬁcation, gel electrophoresis, and quality control assessment and sequencing data analysis. The College of Computing at the University Mohammed VI Poly- technic (UM6P) in Morocco hosted a practical workshop on Simple Sequence Repeats and Transposable Elements in plants (Table1), providing a comprehensive exploration of repetitive DNA sequences, their biological signiﬁc a n c ea n dt h et o o l sa v a i l a b l ef o rt h e i ri d e n t iﬁcation and analysis. The workshop highlighted the importance of these tools for the progress of plant genome research. Additionally, the African Genome Center (AGC) at UM6P hosted a hands-on practical workshop, in partnership with Eppen- dorf and Thermo Fisher Scientiﬁc, which focused on genome editing using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR- associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology. CRISPR/Cas9 is one of the most revolutionary technologies in modern biology, enabling precise modiﬁcations of plant and animal genomes, with wide-ranging applications in research and agriculture 106. The workshop also covered Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) search and guide RNA (gRNA) design, both cloning-based and cloning-free editing techniques, and analysis of edited samples. In addition to the new themes, three new locations hosted practical workshops focused on genomic sequencing and bioinfor- matics, these include NWU and SU in South Africa and the ISSBAT in Tunisia. NWU ’s practical workshop focused on Oxford Nanopore Technologies, covering library preparation, sequencing, and data analysis, SU ’s Pathology Research Facility featured theoretical and p r a c t i c a ls e s s i o n so nm e t a g e n o m i cstudy design, DNA extraction and quality assessment, sequencing library preparation using the Oxford Nanopore MinION platform, and bioinformatics analysis while ISSBAT offered training on molecular biology techniques, meta- barcoding, and microbial diversity analysis. Fellowships and infrastructural development In addition to the AfricaBP Open Institute ’s efforts to empower African researchers and promote collaborations through annual regional workshops in 2024, the AfricaBP Open Institute also launched or awarded training fellowships through multi-stakeh o l d e rp a r t n e r s h i p sa sw e l la sd eﬁned roadmap for the African digital sequence information (DSI) databank containing information relating to biodiversity. Here, we discuss the training contents for these fellowships (see El Allali et al. 107 for details of the African DSI databank roadmap107): African Genome Center and AfricaBP Open Institute Joint Fel- lowship in Biodiversity Genomics and Bioinformatics The AfricaBP Open Institute partnered with the African Genome Center (AGC) at the Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) in Morocco to award an inaugural two-week residential and intensive hands-on Africa- based fellowship program for 10 African researchers3 in April 2024, which were selected from a pool of 545 applicants. The fellowship focused on the sequencing and analysis of the genome ofVachellia gummifera,aM o r o c c a n endemic plant species of ecological and medical signi ﬁcance108.D N A extraction was followed by library preparation using the PCR-Free library kit to minimize biases typically associated with ampli ﬁcation-based methods109, and sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq 550 platform. The course content focused on building sk ills in high-throughput sequencing technologies, data quality control,and genome assembly. As a result, par- ticipants developed expertise in pro cessing large genomic datasets and understanding species-speciﬁc genomic structures. African biodiversity fellowship for emerging genomics leaders The AfricaBP Open Institute partnered with Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB) at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States3 to award an inaugural 3 months leadership fellowship to 4 African researchers from Morocco, E gypt, South Africa, and Nigeria, respectively, out of a total of 66 applications. The fellowship involves two phases: A one month Africa phase (May –September 2024) which was https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 6 Table 1 | Summary of course contents of selected practical workshops during the practical sessions of the AfricaBP Open Institute regional workshops 2024 S/ N Practical session thematic area AfricaBP regional workshop Name of practical host organization and country of afﬁliation Title of hands-on practical session held Summary of course content 1 Genome editing North Africa African Genome Center, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Morocco CRISPR/Cas9 fundamentals: A comprehensive guide to designing genome editing experiments in plant and animal biology The workshop was hosted by the African Genome Center and provided a comprehensive introduction to CRISPR/ Cas9 technology and its applications in plant and animal biology. Theoretical sessions covered the basics of CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9), including its mechanism, applications in research, and how to do a blast search for a particular gene and to design efﬁcient guide RNAs (gRNAs). In the practical sessions, participants received hands-on training in cloning-based CRISPR technique using tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) and rice ( Oryza sativa) gRNAs targeting SlLOB1 and OsS5H, respectively, and cloning-free CRISPR technique on mouse and bovine genomic DNA, allowing them to practice different approaches and understand how to adapt CRISPR in their research. Participants were also trained to evaluate editing ef ﬁciency and accuracy by analyzing CRISPR-edited samples. Additionally, the latest CRISPR technologies and their applications in research and industry were highlighted by industry experts from Integrated DNA Technologies, ThermoFisher Scienti ﬁc, and Eppendorf. 2 Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis North Africa Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Morocco Unlocking the power of genomics: Advancing whole genome sequencing with Illumina in Morocco The workshop was hosted by Institut Pasteur du Maroc in collaboration with Illumina, and its Morocco-based partner, Megaﬂex. Participants engaged in the full workﬂow of high-throughput sequencing using the Illumina NextSeq 2000 platform. Practical sessions covered sample preparation and DNA extraction, library preparation, whole genome sequencing of two indigenous plants, the Argan tree ( Argania spinosa) and Caroub tree ( Ceratonia siliqua), and bioinformatics analysis of the generated data. The workshop provided a platform for participants to enhance their skills, discuss research challenges, and explore collaborative opportunities. 3 Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis Southern Africa North-West University (NWU), South Africa NWU Oxford Nanopore practical workshop supported by DIPLOMICS and Whitehead Scientiﬁc The practical workshop hosted by North-West University and supported by Whitehead Scientiﬁc, Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and DIPLOMICS, trained participants in sequencing technologies and applications, focusing on ONT. The workshop began with lectures on sequencing applications, project planning, and cost considerations, followed by sessions introducing online resources and the 1KSA project 122. Participants performed library preparation on Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis and Klebsiella pneumoniae using the Native Barcoding Kit, applying quality control with NanoDrop and Qubitﬂuorometer and calculating sample and library dilutions before loadingﬂow cells for sequencing on the MinION platform. Data analysis was conducted using a GUI and Linux-based pipelines. On Day 3, participants learned about washing and re-usingﬂow cells, data storage, and publishing/sharing research outputs. 4 Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis North Africa Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia Molecular biology techniques and bioinformatics applied to microbiology — characterization of microbial diversity using metabarcoding The practical workshop, hosted at ISSBAT, University of Tunis El Manar, provided hands-on training in molecular biology and bioinformatics applied to microbiology. Day 1 covered bacterial DNA extraction, using the boiling method for pure culture of Gram-negative bacteria 123 and a commercial DNA extraction kit for the total ruminal bacterial community. DNA quality assessment via Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis, ampli ﬁcation of 16S rRNA genes using PCR, veri ﬁcation of PCR products by agarose gel electrophoresis were performed, and phylogenetic tree construction was done in MEGA using sequence alignment and evolutionary models 124. Day 2 focused on preparing genomic DNA libraries for MinION sequencing platform, involving DNA end-repair, A-tailing, adapter ligation, quality assessment using Qubit 125, and loading libraries onto the MinION Flow Cell. Day 3 introduced metabarcoding for microbial diversity studies, including demultiplexing sequencing reads, generating OTUs/ASVs with clustering algorithms, alpha and beta diversity analyses, and using bioinformatics tools in R statistical software for metagenomic data analysis 110. 5 Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis Southern Africa Separations, South Africa AfricaBP Open Institute Illumina sequencing technologies practical session— Hosted by Separations Hosted by Illumina and its South Africa-based partner, Separations, this workshop trained participants on whole- genome sequencing library preparation and genome assembly using Illumina sequencing-by-synthesis technology. Genomic DNA was extracted from Nguni cattle, an indigenous South African breed, which is considered a sub-type of Sanga ( Bos taurus Africanus), using the Macherey Nagel NucleoMag ® Blood 200 μL kit. Library preparation was performed with 500 ng DNA using the Illumina DNA PCR-Free Prep Tagmentation work ﬂow. The resulting libraries were quantiﬁed, pooled by mass, and sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 system with a 2 × 150 bp conﬁguration. The genome assembly used a reference-guided approach based on the Bos taurus and Bos arnee genomes. Reads were trimmed for quality and mapped to the bosTau9 reference genome using the Illumina DRAGEN Bio-IT Platform. De novo assembly was performed with Megahit 126, yielding a draft Nguni genome with 2.38 Gb, 391,467 contigs, and an N50 range from 25,291 to 7832 bp. 6 Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis East and Central Africa Inqaba Biotec East Africa (IBEA) Sanger sequencing technology in species barcoding The workshop provided a comprehensive introduction to DNA sequencing and analysis techniques. Lectures covered next-generation sequencing, Sanger sequencing, and molecular identi ﬁcation of diverse organisms, including bacteria, sessile metazoans, and plant species. Practical sessions included DNA extraction from sponges (Clathria reinwardti, Lissodendoryx hawaiiana, and Callyspongia subarmigera ) and blood samples utilizing Zymo Research DNA extraction kits, followed by PCR ampli ﬁcation, gel electrophoresis, and Sanger sequencing data analysis. DNA concentration and purity were assessed using a NanoDropﬂuorometer. Participants gained hands-on experience in laboratory techniques and bioinformatics tools. The workshop focused on the critical importance of sample preparation and quality control for the success of subsequent sequencing experiments. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 7 Table 1 (continued) | Summary of course contents of selected practical workshops during the practical sessions of the AfricaBP Open Institute regional workshops 2024 S/ N Practical session thematic area AfricaBP regional workshop Name of practical host organization and country of afﬁliation Title of hands-on practical session held Summary of course content 7 Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis Southern Africa University of Pretoria, South Africa AfricaBP Open Institute— DIPLOMICS— UPGL: Oxford Nanopore Technologies laboratory workshop This workshop, in partnership with DIPLOMICS and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), focused on biodiversity through the DIPLOMICS South Africa 1KSA genome project122. The gDNA ofﬁve 1KSA species were used for training and include Loxodonta africana, Arctocephalus p. pusillus, Lepus saxatilis, Lepus capensis , and Lupulella mesomelas. In addition, Cherax quadricarinatus gDNA and the DNA from its gut microbiome, a commercially available microbial community and the ONT Lambda control sample were included as workshop training samples. Participants prepared barcoded sequencing libraries, which were sequenced on PromethION ﬂow cells. Daily ﬂow cell washes and reloading were performed. Principles of ONT technology, project planning considerations, and DNA quality control were introduced alongside a demonstration of ONT’s analysis software. DIPLOMICS also highlighted the 1KSA initiative aimed at sequencing 1000 South Africa’s biodiversity genomes. Small group discussions allowed participants to explore library preparation adapted to their research. The ﬁnal session included a comprehensive review of sequencing results, an introduction to ONT ’s online user community, and a presentation of UPGL ’s and DIPLOMICS’optimized methods to enhance sequencing output and quality. 8 Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis West Africa Institute of Genomics and Global Health (IGH, formerly African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases

ACEGID), Nigeria Whole genome sequencing of the rodent genome on Illumina NextSeq2000 The workshop, hosted at the Institute of Genomics and Global Health (IGH, formerly ACEGID), focused on sequencing genomes of rodents (Crocidura spp.) using the Illumina PCR-Free Library Preparation Kit. Day 1 covered DNA extraction, theory, and practicals of Illumina DNA PCR-Free Library Prep, including DNA quanti ﬁcation, tagmentation, and ampliﬁcation workﬂows. Day 2 included advanced library preparation steps, quality control using Qubit assay kits, pooling, and loading libraries onto the NextSeq 2000 sequencing system. Day 3 introduced BaseSpace Sequence Hub, followed by retrieving sequencing data, bioinformatics analysis, and demonstrations of its applications. 9 Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis South Africa Agricultural Research Council, South Africa MGI showcasing and training on innovative stLFR technology at the African BioGenome Project workshop Held at the Agricultural Research Council ’s Biotechnology Platform (ARC-BTP) in Pretoria, South Africa, this workshop introduced participants to MGI’s innovative MGIEasy single-tube long fragment read (stLFR) technology. The training aimed to address the limitations of short-read sequencing by demonstrating the stLFR technology, which enables high-quality structural variant detection, haplotype phasing, and de novo assembly. The workshop combined theoretical sessions with wet lab hands-on training, covering MGI ’s next-generation sequencing workﬂow. Participants engaged in library preparation, DNB making and circularization, sequencing, and data reporting using the DNBSEQ-G400 platform, achieving a sequencing QC metric of Q30 > 91% for all four lanes. 10 Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis South Africa Stellenbosch University, South Africa From sample to sequencing: metagenomic sequencing on the ONT long-read platform The workshop was hosted at the Pathology Research Facility, Stellenbosch University, with a combination of theoretical and practical sessions offered across three days. Participants were introduced to sample handling and best practices in designing metagenomic studies, including the importance of contamination control, and performed DNA extraction of human stool samples. DNA quality assessment was performed on both human and buffalo stool DNA, using both spectrophotometric and ﬂuorometric assays. This was followed by sequencing library preparation and metagenomic sequencing on the Oxford Nanopore MinION long-read platform. Finally, participants were introduced to command-line computing environments, basic bioinformatics analysis, and quality assessment and analysis of long-read metagenomic sequencing data using the EPI2ME software suite. 11 Bioinformatics analysis only North Africa College of Computing, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco Annotation of repetitive DNA sequences in plant genomes This workshop was hosted by the Bioinformatics Laboratory at UM6P and focused on repetitive DNA and its biological roles, combining theoretical lectures with hands-on training. The workshop covered tools and techniques for repeat annotation, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) analysis, and transposable elements (TEs) identiﬁcation. Day 1 began with an overview of repetitive DNA, types, and roles in plant genomes. Participants were introduced to tools like RepeatModeler 127 and RepeatMasker128, followed by practical sessions on building and utilizing repeat libraries using Oryza sativa Japonica group (NCBI RefSeq assembly: GCF_034140825.1) as a case study. Day 2 focused on SSRs, including their applications in plant genetics and breeding. Lectures covered SSR marker development, and participants used tools like MegaSSR 129 and in silico PCR to identify and analyze SSRs using 50 Oryza sativa genomes for applications such as genetic diversity studies. On the ﬁnal day, participants explored TEs and genome assembly quality assessment using tools like EDTA 130, MegaLTR131, and PlantLAI132. The event concluded with an introduction to UM6P’s bioinformatics platform and its role in genomics research 133. 12 Bioinformatics analysis only North Africa Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco Machine Learning for biologists The workshop introduced arti ﬁcial intelligence and machine learning approaches in computational biology. The training focused on using BioPython for DNA sequence analysis 134. Exercises targeted ef ﬁcient DNA data and sequence retrieval and manipulation techniques, showing their application to genomics and other biological datasets. Additionally, the course involved supervised learning for predictive modeling, including multivariate linear regression and preprocessing techniques such as feature scaling and Z-score and mean normalization135,136. It also covered unsupervised learning and logistic regression for binary classi ﬁcation, with focus on sigmoid activation, optimization tuning, and iterative convergence 135. 13 Bioinformatics analysis only North Africa Nile University, Egypt Exploring bioinformatics in marine biology The practical focused on bioinformatics applications in marine biology to address biodiversity loss. Training included biodiversity genomics, sequencing technologies, and epigenetic plasticity in marine conservation. Practical sessions involved quality assessment of long-read sequencing data, taxonomic classi ﬁcation using BLAST tools, and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) analysis. Additionally, participants explored alpha and beta diversity, tree algorithms, and organelle-targeted proteins. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 8 Table 1 (continued) | Summary of course contents of selected practical workshops during the practical sessions of the AfricaBP Open Institute regional workshops 2024 S/ N Practical session thematic area AfricaBP regional workshop Name of practical host organization and country of afﬁliation Title of hands-on practical session held Summary of course content 14 Bioinformatics analysis only North Africa University of Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria Bioinformatics analysis of RNA sequencing and SNP genotype data The workshop focused on three key bioinformatics concepts. The Ion Torrent session introduced sequencing workﬂows, highlighting high-throughput ef ﬁciency and Unix navigation for genomic data handling. The RNA-seq session addressed data quality assessment, genome indexing, alignment ﬁle processing, gene expression quantiﬁcation, differential gene analysis, and visualization techniques. Finally, the SNP session explored Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), covering data processing, quality control, and genome-wide analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and population structure analysis using ADMIXTURE 137. All analyses were demonstrated using cattle data, offering practical insights into the application of these methods. 15 Bioinformatics analysis only West Africa Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana Eukaryotic genome assembly and annotation workshop This workshop focused on sequencing approaches and technologies for eukaryotic genome assembly and annotation using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data. Hands-on sessions were based on the whole genome sequence of Tetraena mongolica, sequenced on the PacBio HiFi platform 138. The workshop covered ﬁle formats, quality control techniques, and methods for processing long-read data. It also included de novo genome assembly, genome quality assessment, and genome annotation, focusing on evidence-guided gene prediction and quality evaluation. 16 Bioinformatics analysis only East & Central Africa University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo Genomic data analysis using Galaxy The Genomic Data Analysis using Galaxy Workshop at the University of Kinshasa provided hands-on training focusing on bioinformatics tools for genomic analysis. Participants worked with DNA reads from Agaricia lamarcki reads generated by the Illumina NovaSeq 6000, sourced from the European Nucleotide Archive

The workshop covered Trimmomatic for assessing sequencing read quality 140, SPAdes for genome assembly 141, and QUAST for evaluating assembly quality142. Participants gained practical experience in processing raw sequencing data, improving data accuracy, and conducting robust genomic analyses. Additionally, they explored Galaxy as a platform for genome annotation143, learning about tools for gene prediction, functional annotation, and other genomic processes. 17 Bioinformatics analysis only East & Central Africa National Animal Genetic Resources Centre & Data Bank, Uganda Bioinformatics: Inference of genetic diversity and population structure from Sanger sequences This workshop covered the analysis of genetic diversity and population structure using Sanger sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. It included multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction, and haplotype network building using MAFFT144, MEGA124, DNaSP145, and popART146 applications. The training involved the analysis of original data from 147 and 148, to understand concepts of founder and bottleneck effects, and species invasion, respectively. It also addressed the use of population genetic proxies, including migration (Nm) and (FST)149 to infer differentiation between populations. The focus was on bioinformatics applications for conservation and the interpretation of sequence analysis results. 18 Bioinformatics analysis only East & Central Africa Bio and Emerging Technology Institute (BETin), Ethiopia NGS data analysis: From genome mapping to visualization This workshop, hosted by BETin in collaboration with Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, focused on introducing the role of genomics and bioinformatics in genetic resource conservation. It covered Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data analysis, genome mapping, and visualization. Sessions included NGS data quality control, read mapping on reference genomes such as Arabidopsis thaliana, and analysis using open-source bioinformatics tools such as Burrows-Wheeler Alignment tool (BWA) 150, SAM tools151, BCF tools 152 and Integrated Genomic Viewer (IGV) for visualization153. The workshop also included training on the basic Linux environment for NGS data analysis. 19 Bioinformatics analysis only East & Central Africa Pwani University, Kiliﬁ, Kenya (co-hosted by University of Copenhagen) Introduction to population genomics in wildlife conservation This workshop focused on how to use genomic data for population and conservation genomics in African wildlife species. We focused on presenting the principles behind different estimates and analyses, as well as their application, critical evaluation, and best practices. On Day 1, we covered an introduction to whole-genome sequencing data, SNP and genotype calling. On Day 2, we covered basic topics in population genetic analyses, i.e. the concepts of genetic diversity and inbreeding, and how to estimate them using genome-wide heterozygosity and runs of homozygosity. On Day 3, we proceeded to more complex analyses, including inferring population structure and admixture using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE 137 and FST 149, and inferring gene ﬂow using D-statistics154. The participants got hands-on exposure and tutoring in a range of different analyses software beyond those mentioned above, including PLINK 155, evalAdmix156, vcfTools113 and R statistical software 110. We also presented several case studies exemplifying how the analysis methods taught during the workshop can be applied to African wildlife species. Throughout the workshop, we used actual example data sets from African wildlife species. 20 Basic molecular biology and bioinformatics analysis West Africa University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria Sample collection, basic molecular biology techniques and bioinformatics The workshop consisted of a theoretical and practical session. The theoretical session introduced the fundamentals of molecular biology while the practical session provided hands-on training on sample collection including DNA extraction from plants ( Azadirachta indica and Portulaca oleracea) using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method157, evaluation of the purity and concentration of genomic DNA through NanoDrop spectrophotometer, assessment of DNA quality using gel electrophoresis, and PCR ampliﬁcation of the ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) gene from the extracted gDNA 158. The hands-on training also included basic bioinformatics analysis, sequence alignment, and phylogenetic tree construction. 21 Basic molecular biology West Africa Inqaba Biotec West Africa, Nigeria Molecular biology practical workshop: Bridging theory and application The practical workshop focused on essential molecular biology techniques, including core laboratory skills, DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplifying the 16S rRNA gene from bacterial DNA. DNA fragments were visualized through gel electrophoresis, followed by sequencing the ampli ﬁed DNA fragments and analyzing the sequencing data to integrate experimental procedures with data interpretation. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 9 hosted by the AGC in Morocco, the Inte rnational Center of Agriculture Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) in Egypt, Inqaba Biotechnical Industries in South Africa, and MyAfroDNA in Nigeria, respectively, and a residential 3-month international phase (September –December 2024) which was hosted and funded by the IGB. At the AGC, the training focused on genomic data analysis of Mor- occan sheep and QTL mapping to identify regions associated with speciﬁc traits across different breeds. This bioinformatics-based program utilized R software for statistical computing 110 for genetic diversity analysis and Python for QTL mapping through SheepQTLdb database111.T h ea i mw a st o investigate the genetic basis of key tra its, with potential applications in breeding programs and livestock management. At ICARDA, the training focused on the pipeline for Genome- Wide Association Studies for crop improvement using the GAPIT tool 112 in R studio110 and programming and scripting using Python and Bash and handlingﬁle formats such as VCF113. At Inqaba Biotechnical Industries, the training focused on the Linux com- mand line, bash scripting, and South Africa’s Center for High-Performance Computing (CHPC) platform’s PBS scheduler, job submission, job mon- itoring, job arrays, and environment modules, as well as theoretical and practical insights into PacBio Revio.At MyAfroDNA, the training focused on DNA extraction, polymerase chai n reaction, and Sanger sequencing processes. This international phase focused on providing research exposure and advanced skill development, equipping African fellows with team science techniques applicable to genomics leadership in biodiversity research. At the IGB, each fellow was posted to one of the 15 multi-investigator, multi- disciplinary Research Themes: Center for Genomic Diagnostics, Genomic Ecology of Global Change, and Biosystems Design, respectively. Within the Center for Genomic Diagnostics, fellows: (a) explored the use of nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery, imaging, and therapeutic applications, novel drug delivery systems, such as nanocarriers and smart materials, that can more efﬁciently deliver cancer therapies while reducing side effects, (b) executed a project on the use of advanced diagnostic tools and biosensors for disease detection andmonitoring, (c) performed analysis using scanning electron microscopy for the examination of material com- positions and surface structures at t he microscale, transmission electron microscopy for the high-resolution characterization of the size, shape, and morphology of nanomaterials, and Immunoﬂuorescence and the theory, use, and interpretation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data, (d) introduced to mammalian cell culture, ﬂow cytometry, confocal micro- scopy, ﬂuorescence microscopy, and cell viability tests such as MTT assays to identify the best materials for targeted drug administration, and (e) examined the hotspot point mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) utilizing the computational biology expertise and knowledge they acquired during the program’s African phase. Within the Genomic Ecology of Global Change Theme, one of the fellows was assigned to the photosynthesis engineering laboratory, which focuses on enhancing photosynthesis in crops and algae by studying molecular mechanisms and identifyi ng components that reveal plant responses to external and internal cues. The fellow carried out a project on the dual nature of plant genome promoters, tested their expression levels in plants, and bioinformatically identiﬁed native bidirectional promoters 114, which are 1000 bp intergenic regions between head-to-head gene pairs. This research was performed in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana using R scripting and bash programming. Candidate bidirectional pairs wereﬁltered based on the proximity between gene pairs and their correlation to identify potential bidirectional promoters. Afterﬁltration, gene pairs were categor- ized into positive correlation (genes that tend to increase expression and together) and negative correlation (genes that tend to decrease expression together)115 while the bidirectional promoters assigned to the positively correlated genes were programmed for further screening via transient transformation into other model plants. Finally, one of the fellows was assigned to The Biosystems Design Theme, which focuses on developing and applying synthetic biology, machine learning, and laboratory automation tools to address society’sm o s t Table 1 (continued) | Summary of course contents of selected practical workshops during the practical sessions of the AfricaBP Open Institute regional workshops 2024 S/ N Practical session thematic area AfricaBP regional workshop Name of practical host organization and country of afﬁliation Title of hands-on practical session held Summary of course content 22 Basic Molecular Biology West Africa MyAfroDNA, Nigeria Hands-on training on basic molecular biology techniques and bioinformatics MyAfroDNA, in collaboration with AfricaBP, hosted a two-day workshop that provided participants with foundational laboratory skills, including pipetting, DNA extraction from plants, and nucleic acid quality analysis. Advanced sessions covered PCR, gel electrophoresis, and bioinformatics training on DNA sequencing, database navigation, BLAST searches, sequence annotation, and primer design. By integrating hands-on activities with computational tools, the workshop equipped attendees with essential skills for modern genetics/genomic research. 23 Sample collection and biobanking Southern Africa South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Sample collection, processing and banking for use in genomic-level research This workshop provided a comprehensive introduction to fauna and ﬂora sample collection and biobanking for research and conservation. On Day 1, participants explored the value of biodiversity biobanks as well as an introduction to the Biodiversity Biobanks South Africa (BBSA) project 159, and discussed ethics, permits, and compliance requirements, especially on animal species. Day 2 focused on sampling methodologies, including genetic and forensic sampling, taxon-speciﬁc techniques on birds, mammals and reptiles, and practical sessions on voucher photography and chain-of-custody sampling. Day 3 covered biodiversity data standards, BOLD database management, and plant sampling for DNA and herbarium collections. 24 Ethics, legal and social issues Southern Africa University of South Africa, South Africa Ethics, Law, and Social Implications (ELSI) of genetic research for the African BioGenome Project This workshop addressed the complexities of genomics research, particularly regarding indigenous knowledge and biopiracy. The workshop featured materials and hands-on exercises centered on themes such as prior informed consent, the ethical use of indigenous knowledge, and compliance with international frameworks like the Nagoya and Cartagena Protocols160,161. Participants explored equitable beneﬁt-sharing strategies through activities guided by a practical workbook, including drafting ethical protocols, data transfer agreements, and beneﬁt-sharing contracts. A key highlight was the San-Hoodia case study162, which illustrated ethical lapses in consent and indigenous knowledge exploitation. This case incited group discussions and role-playing exercises to develop ethical engagement strategies and fair commercialization practices. Participants also examined international frameworks governing access to genetic resources, addressing hypothetical challenges and proposing solutions to ensure compliance with both international and national laws. Due to logistical challenges, participants were unable to attend the workshop in-person. Instead, the course content was delivered via electronic emails, enabling participants to engage with the materials independently and at their own pace. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 10 daunting challenges in human health and energy and investigating the fundamental aspects of enzyme catalysis, cell metabolism, and gene regulation116.T h ef e l l o w’s project focused on developing a new-to-nature hydroaminoalkylation reaction for the synthesis of chiral amines, which serve as useful building blocks to pha rmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals by synergizing photocatalysis and biocatalysis and by using directed evolution. Some of the techniques employed in the course of the project include protein engineering, high-performance liquid chroma- tography, and identi ﬁcation of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) using resources such as antiSMASH

African plant genome assembly and annotation fellowship The AfricaBP Open Institute partnered with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, and Inqaba Biotec, West Africa, to launch the inaugural edition of the African plant genome assembly and annotation fellowship in June 2024, wh ich will feature a hybrid format fellowship combining an 8-week virtual phase starting in Q1 2025 and a 10- day on-site intensive training at theIITA headquarters in Ibadan, Nigeria, scheduled for April 2025. A total of 10 fellows have been selected from 261 applicants, with notiﬁcations scheduled forﬁrst quarter of 2025. The virtual phase is designed to equip participants with advanced knowledge in genome biology, PacBio HiFi and Omni-C sequence reads, methods for data quality control, assembling and assessing long- and short-reads, and estimating genome assembly completeness. It will also include training in gene pre- diction and functional annotation techniques, including annotating gene sets with associated functional information. Conclusion, recommendations, and future directions The AfricaBP Open Institute is making intentional progress in addressing AfricaBP’s Grand Challenges, focusing, in 2024, on using biodiversity genomics and bioinformatics to support Africa ’s bioeconomy. By com- bining advanced technologies with local strategies, AfricaBP has expanded its understanding of bioeconomy frameworks and identi ﬁed sustainable pathways to address Africa ’s biodiversity challenges. One key effort is providing a platform for national networks of scientists to expand local sequencing infrastructures and capabilities. The proposed 1000 Moroccan Genome Project case study demonstrates how investments in genomics can deliver signiﬁcant returns, with a 3.29 Beneﬁt–Cost ratio and $28 million net present value over10 years. Establishing local sequencing hubs will reduce foreign dependency, create skilled jobs, lower costs, and accelerate inno- vation, strengthening Africa ’s competitiveness in the global genomics landscape. Equally important is the f ocus on high-impact agricultural applications. Prioritizing the development of drought-resistant crops and disease-resilient livestock could address over 53% of Africa ’s projected economic output tied to agriculture, while also enhancing food security and positioning African nations as leaders insustainable agricultural innovation. Capacity building and strengthening remains a central pillar of Afri- caBP’s strategy. Through specialized curricula, research programs, and inter-Africa and inter-continental collaborations, th e AfricaBP Open Institute is cultivating a skilled genomics and bioinformatics workforce capable of driving innovation in agriculture and biodiversity conservation. Strengthened public–private partnerships, supported by ﬁscal incentives, streamlined regulations, and transparent frameworks, will attract invest- ment, accelerate technology transfer, and stimulate market growth for genomics-based products. Additionally, AfricaBP’s roadmap for a trans- formative digital sequence information (DSI) database marks a critical step forward. Directing sequencing effor ts toward high-priority species in biodiversity-rich areas will protect Africa’s genetic resources, enhance cli- mate resilience, and support ecosystems critical to sustainable economic gains. To ensure lasting impact, Afri caBP is advocating for robust data policies aligned with national genet ics resources and digital sequence information framework 98,107. These policies aim to safeguard genomic information, preserve indigenous knowledge, and ensure equitable beneﬁt- sharing, creating a foundation that aligns genomics research with broader regional priorities and further accelerates Africa’s collective bioeconomy potential. Received: 29 January 2025; Accepted: 24 June 2025; References

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Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States, for reviewing this manuscript. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 15 Many thanks to the African phase host research institutions of the African Biodiversity Fellowship for Emerging Genomics Leaders 2024, and these include: AGC at UM6P in Morocco, ICARDA in Egypt, Inqaba Biotechnical Industries in South Africa, and MyAfroDNA in Nigeria. The international phase of the African Biodiversity Fellowship for Emerging Genomics Leaders 2024 was funded by the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (IGB and Illinois International). We would like to thank the Center for Genomic Diag- nostics, Genomic Ecology of Global Change, and Biosystems Design Themes at the IGB for hosting African fellows. We are very grateful for all workshop hosts and sponsoring organizations in Fig. S1 as well as all key- note, guest, oral speakers, and poster presenters as well as other con- tributors during the symposium and practical sessions of the regional workshops (see the full list in African BioGenome Project (AfricaBP) Open Institute 2024 in the reference section: https://osf.io/t78xq) 118–121. We ded- icate this work to the memory of Dr. Girish Beedessee, a co-author on this paper, who sadly passed away whilst the current paper was under Editorial consideration and review in npj Biodiversity. Dr. Girish was a lifelong con- tributor to the study of protists and their ecological roles— particularly in relation to adaptation and lifestyles, and was a committed and valued member of the African BioGenome Project since 2021, serving on the Annotation Subcommittee and contributing to the current manuscript through survey analysis, design and generation of manuscript diagrams in supplementary. His legacy lives on through his impactful research, colla- borative spirit, and enduring inﬂuence on the scientiﬁcc o m m u n i t y . Author contributions B.B. and T.E.E are the primary contacts for the paper. Literature review: A.W.T.M., I. Hayah, K.T., N.S., T.E.E., Z.M.-D.; Design and generation of manuscript diagrams: A.S., G.B., R.S.; Survey development and collection: T.C.O., T.E.E.; Survey analysis: G.B.; Conceived economic impact and cost- beneﬁt analysis: T.E.E.; Performed economic impact and cost-beneﬁta n a - lysis: B.B.; Developed course content (trainer): A.B., A.E., A.F.A., A.G., A.J., A.K.E., A.L.M., A.M.K.S., A.S., B.B., E.R.K., F.G.-G., F.R., F.T., H.N., H.T., I.M., J.E.I., J.O.O., J. Ogwang, J.P., K.B., K.L., K.N.V.Z., L.B.T., L.H., M.A.H., M.B., M.I., M. Kilian, M.M.M., M.P., N.A., N.A.O., N.K.-D.O.O., O.O., P.M., P.M.T.-U., R.K., S.A.S.J.A., S.B.S.G., S.P.S., S.R.A.R., S.W., U.M., V.E., V.O.N., V.W.W., X.D.; Delivered course content (trainer): A.B., A.E., A.F.A., A.G., A.K.E., A.L.M., A.M.K.S., A.S., B.A.O., B.B., C. Happi, E.R.K., F.G.-G., F.O., F.R., F.T., H.N., H.T., I.M., J.E.I., J.O.O., J. Ogwang, J.P., K.B., K.L., K.N.V.Z., L.H., M.A.H., M.B., M.H., M.I., M. Kilian, M.M.M., M.P., M.R., N.A., N.A.O., N.K.-D.O.O., O.F., O.M., O.O., O.P.E., P.A., P.M., P.M.T.-U., R.D.Z., R.K., S.A.S.J.A., S.B.S.G., S.L.G.-H., S.O.M., S.P.S., U.M., V.E., V.O.N., V.W.W., Y.G.G.; Secured grant that executed practical workshop: A.E., A.H., A.M.A., C. Happi, K.T., M.H., N.A.O., N.O.M., P.M., P.M.T.-U., R.D.Z.; Organized and coordinated regional workshop: A.K.E., A.H.M., A.W.M., B.A.O., B.B., C. Hamdi, C.I., C.N.W., D.M.K., I. Hayah, I. Houaga, I.M.S., J.C.O., J.O.K., J.O.O., K.K.K., K.T., L.B.T., L.T.N., M. Kilian, M.P.I., N.O.M., O.A.G., O.U.U., P.M.T.-U., R.S., S. Mdyogolo, S.O.M., S.P.K., S.R.A.R., T.C.O., T.E.E., T. Mafokwane, T. Masebe, T.S.T., T.T.W., V.E., W.C.M., Z.E.; Hosted a practical workshop: A.B., A.E., A.H., A.J., A.L.M., A.M.A., A.M.K.S., B.A.O., B.B., B.M.W., C. Hamdi, C. Happi, D.M.K., E.R.K., F.R., F.T., G.N., H.N., H.T., J.E.I., J. Ogwang, J. Orina, J.O.O. K.B., K.L., K.N.V.Z., K.T., K.W., M.B., M.H., M. Kilian, M.P., M.R., N.A.O., N.O.M., O.F., O.M., P.E., P.A., P.M., P.M.T.-U., R.D.Z., R.K., S.B.S.G., S.D., S.F., S.L.G.-H., S.O.M., T.T.W., V.E., V.O.N., V.W.W., W.G., X.D., Y.H.T., Z.E.; Practical workshop instructor: A.F.A., A.M.K.S., B.A., B.A.O., B.M.W., C. Hamdi, E.R.K., F.O., F.R., F.T., G.N., H.T., I.M., J.O.O., J. Ogwang, K.B., K.N.V.Z., L.H., M.A.H., M.I., M. Kilian, M. Knidiri, M.M.M., M.R., N.A., N.A.O., N.E., N.K.-D.O.O., O.M., P.E., P.M., P.M.T.-U., R.D.Z., R.K., S.A.S.J.A., S.L.G.-H., S.O.M., S.P.S., S.W., U.M., V.E., V.O.N., Y.G.G., Z.E.; Fellowship coordination: A.G., J.O.O., R.S., S.B.S., T.E.E., T. Masebe, T.P.; Fellowship reviews and assessment: S.B.S., S. Muzemil, T.P., Y.A.B.Z., Z.M.-D.; Manuscript drafting: A.E., A.M.A., B.A., B.B., B.M.W., C.N.W., E.R.K., F.R., H.N., H.T., I. Hayah, J.O.K., J. Ogwang, K.L., L.B.T., M. Kilian, N.A., N.A.O., N.S., O.F., P.M., R.D.Z., S.B.S.G., S.P.S., S.R.A.R., T. Mafokwane, V.E., V.W.W., Z.M.-D.; Manuscript revision: B.B., I. Hayah, T.E.E.; Supervision— oversight and leadership responsibility: B.B., T.E.E.; Correspondence with Journal: T.E.E.; Manuscript review and approval: all authors. Competing interests P. Abechi, U. Modebelu, L. Hadjeras, M. Jha, and X. David are employees of Illumina. B. Andika, D.M. Kivuva, W.O. Nyakundi, and V.W. Wambua are employees of Inqaba Biotec East Africa Ltd. N. Ebuzoeme, M. Igoh, and M. Peter are employees of ISN Medical. S. Dede, S.L. Gillis-Harry, O.P. Elekima, and J.E. Ideozu are employees of MyAfroDNA. M. Kilian and J. Potgieter are employees of Separations. E.R. Kwasi and O. Olufowobi are employees of Inqaba Biotec West Africa. C. Mbarire, J. Orina, F. Parsimei, and K. Were are employees of Africa Biosystems Limited. O. Mbhele, S. Shabangu, and B.M. Wurdeman are employees of MGI. S.A.S.J. Ali is an employee of Eppendorf Middle East & Africa FZ-LLC. Additional information Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 . Correspondenceand requests for materials should be addressed to Ntanganedzeni Mapholi, Julian Onyewuonyeoma Osuji, Anne WT Muigai, ThankGod Echezona Ebenezer or Bouabid Badaoui. 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To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2025 Ichrak Hayah1,2, Victor Ezebuiro3, Samuel Paul Kagame4,J o s i a hO c h i e n gK u j a5, Cecilia Waruhiu6, Lucky Tendani Nesengani7, Sinebongo Mdyogolo7, Annelin Henriehetta Molotsi7, Priscilla Abechi8, Asmaa Mohamed Abushady9,N a b i lA m o r10, Brian Andika11, Abdelhamid Barakat12, Girish Beedessee13,67, Marietjie Botes14, Xavier David15, Nzube Ebuzoeme16, Zewdu Edea17, Achraf El Allali18, Owanate Pearl Elekima19,A s s e mK a d r yE l s h e r i f20, Semir Bechir Suheil Gaouar21, https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 16 Yohannes Gedamu Gebre17, Owunari Abraham Georgewill22,L y d i aH a d j e r a s15, Mohammed Ahmed Hassan23, Mohamed Hijri2, Isidore Houaga7,24, Justin Eze Ideozu19, Matthias Igoh16, Mary Paschal Iwundu22,S y e dA r i fS u l t h a nJ a f f e rA l i25, Atef Jaouani10, Ahmed Marwane Kermouni Serradj21,R a d j a aK h e d i m21, Mariëtte Kilian26, Dennis Manthi Kivuva11, Mehdi Knidiri2, Komi Komi Koukoura27, Eleojo Roseline Kwasi28, Kim Labuschagne29, Antoine Lusala Mafwila30, Isabel Mensah31, Uzoma Modebelu8,P r u d e n tM o k g o k o n g32, Morad M. Mokhtar33,S a d i kM u z e m i l34, Helen Nigussie35, Valentine Otang Ntui2, Joel Ogwang36, Nicholas Abraham Olivier37,O l a n r e w a j uO l u f o w o b i28, Taiwo Crossby Omotoriogun38, Onikepe Folarin39, Philomena Eromon39, Jeremiah Orina40, Faissal Ouardi1, Tracy Parish41, Mercy Peter16, Jacques Potgieter26, Fouzia Radouani12, Madeleine Ramantswana42, Shaimaa Roshdy Abdullah Reda20, Samson Pandam Salifu31, Sarah Bingaman Schwartz41, Ntji Shabangu43, Abdoallah Sharaf44, Iyeopu Minakiri Siminialayi22, Rae Marvin Smith7, Hiroaki Taniguchi2,45, Preye Maureen Tari- Ukuta3, Kassahun Tesfaye17, Fatim Zohra Tmimi46, Libert Brice Tonfack47, Ogbuagu Ugorji Udensi48, Victoria Wavinya Wambua11, Sammy Wambua49,50,51, Kennedy Were40, Timipanipiri ThankGod Wood52,B r e tM a r kW u r d e m a n43, Yedomon Ange Bovys Zoclanclounon34, Andrews Frimpong Adu31, Sotonye Leslie Gillis-Harry19,N i c h o l a sK w a s i - Do Ohene Opoku31, Thendo Stanley Tshilate7,S i y e o f o r iD e d e19, Soala Obie Minimah3, Yves Hermandez Tchiechoua53, Andreas Gisel54,C h a d l i aH a m d i10, Tshepo Mafokwane7, Blessing Adanta Odogwu3, Gift Nwachukwu3, Zahra Mungloo- Dilmohamud55, Faten Ghodhbane-Gtari56, Chinagorom Ibeachu57, Renate Dorothea Zipfel37, Wenceslaus C. Madu58, Johnpaul Chukwudi Okorocha58,T r a c yM a s e b e7, Kilsi Borgbara28,W y n a n dG o o s e n59, Suereta Fortuin59, Kristien Nel Van Zyl60, Ongeziwe Mbhele43, Anise Happi39,C h r i s t i a nH a p p i39, Mapholi Ntanganedzeni7 , Julian Onyewuonyeoma Osuji3 , Anne WT Muigai61,62,63 , ThankGod Echezona Ebenezer63,64,66 & Bouabid Badaoui1,65,66 1Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.2African Genome Center, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco. 3Regional Centre for Biotechnology and Bioresources Research & South-South Zonal Centre of Excellence, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt,Nigeria.4Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.5Washington State University, Global Health Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.6The Africa Genomics Center and Consultancy, Nairobi, Kenya. 7University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.8Illumina - AMEA - Emerging Markets, Lagos, Nigeria.9Biotechnology School, Nile University, Giza, Egypt and Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.10Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.11Inqaba Biotec East Africa Ltd, Nairobi, Kenya.12Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.13Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, UK.14University of KwaZulu Natal, Stellenbosch, South Africa.15Illumina - AMEA - Emerging Markets, Evry, France.16ISN Medical, Lagos, Nigeria.17Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.18Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Computing, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Benguerir, Morocco.19MyAfroDNA, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.20Biotechnology School, Nile University, Giza, Egypt. 21Applied Genetics in Agriculture, Ecology and Public Health Laboratory, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria.22University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 23Lakes and Fish Resources Protection and Development Agency (LFRPDA), Cairo, Egypt.24The Roslin Institute and the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.25Eppendorf Middle East and Africa FZ LLC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.26Separations, Johannesburg, South Africa. 27Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Food and Environmental Health (LaSBASE), Research Unit in Biomedical Sciences and Bioactive Substances (UR-2SB), Department of Biomedical Analysis (AMB), Higher School of Biological and Food Techniques (ESTBA), University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo.28Inqaba Biotec West Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria.29South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria, South Africa.30School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.31Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.32North-West University, North West, Potchefstroom, South Africa. 33Chemical and Biochemical Sciences-Green Process Engineering, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.34Department of Plant Sciences and the Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.35Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.36National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank, Entebbe, Uganda.37University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.38Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, and A. P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.39Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Nigeria.40Africa Biosystems Limited, Nairobi, Kenya.41Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA.42Agricultural Research Council, Biotechnology Platform, Pretoria, South Africa.43MGI- Tech, Shenzhen, China.44SequAna Core Facility, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.45Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland. 46Megaﬂex, Casablanca, Morocco.47Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon.48University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.49Pwani University, Kiliﬁ,K e n y a .50Research & Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kiliﬁ,K e n y a . 51University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.52Biodec, National Biotechnology Research and Development Agency, Odi, Nigeria.53Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.54International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria and Institute for Biomedical Tech- nologies, CNR, Bari, Italy.55University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius.56Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, Tunis, Tunisia.57Department of Human Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria.58Claretian University of Nigeria, Nekede, Nigeria.59Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.60African Microbiome Institute, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.61Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya.62National Defence University-Kenya, Nakuru, Kenya.63African BioGenome Project (AfricaBP), Juja, Kenya.64EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK.65African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Laâyoune, Morocco.66These authors contributed equally: ThankGod Echezona Ebenezer, Bouabid Badaoui.67Deceased: Girish Beedessee. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-025-00102-9 Review npj Biodiversity | (2025) 4:29 17