- Hu, Z. et al. Adaptive transceiver design for high-capacity multi-modal free-space optical communications with commercial
devices and atmospheric turbulence. J. Lightwave Technol. 41, 3397–3406 (2023).
Author contributions
Muhammad Ahmad: Writing - original draft, Software, Methodology. Babar Hayat: Writing - review and editing,
Formal analysis. Ming Fang: Validations. Chao Wang: Formal analysis, Data curation. Guoda Xie: Writing - re-
view and editing, Investigation. Zhixiang Huang: Formal analysis.
Funding
This work was supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant
2022YFA1404003, U23A20290, 62201003, and 62101002.
Declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Z.H.
Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in
any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide
a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. Y ou do not have
permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or
other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated
otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence
and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to
obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit h t t p : / / c r e a t i v e c o m m o
n s . o r g / l i c e n s e s / b y - n c - n d / 4 . 0 / .
© The Author(s) 2026 Scientific Reports | (2026) 16:8921 26| https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40704-2 www.nature.com/scientificreports/
Page 7 of 7