46 Appendix A. TABLE A.2: Average share of each income component in total income (%). Country Male Empl1. Comp. Car2 Profit/Loss 3 Pens4. Unempl5. Old-age6 Suvivor7 Sickness8 Disabled9 Ed. allowance10 HH inc11. Austria 50.59 0.00 8.17 0.60 3.30 24.91 0.46 0.59 2.87 0.32 8.18 Belgium 47.16 0.28 7.45 0.04 6.62 24.59 0.03 0.50 4.05 0.06 9.23 Bulgaria 48.67 0.08 7.37 0.03 0.94 29.18 0.47 0.60 3.85 0.05 8.76 Croatia 41.77 0.10 10.03 0.01 0.83 26.48 0.45 0.40 11.31 0.19 8.43 Czechia 50.19 0.31 10.37 0.10 0.72 29.01 0.55 0.45 3.63 0.11 4.58 Denmark 65.56 0.36 4.32 0.00 4.79 30.76 0.07 0.36 3.19 2.10 -11.53 Estonia 56.88 1.16 3.07 0.05 1.24 22.49 0.14 0.73 6.16 0.40 7.69 Finland 45.15 0.39 11.43 1.25 5.87 21.15 0.14 0.69 3.71 1.49 8.73 France 48.52 0.00 4.16 0.04 3.90 27.89 0.12 0.18 1.09 0.12 13.98 Germany 47.72 0.37 4.67 0.41 2.99 31.80 0.37 0.43 2.40 0.36 8.49 Greece 30.02 0.05 17.32 0.00 0.73 37.09 0.17 0.02 1.78 0.01 12.80 Hungary 51.37 0.04 4.79 0.00 1.72 28.62 0.16 0.19 4.42 0.23 8.45 Latvia 57.39 0.03 4.34 0.02 1.49 23.82 0.24 0.91 3.86 0.15 7.75 Lithuania 49.43 0.08 7.49 0.01 1.87 26.49 0.64 1.16 6.75 0.07 6.01 Netherlands 55.42 0.58 6.19 0.04 2.51 22.26 0.03 0.44 2.51 0.97 9.04 Norway 62.12 0.39 3.77 0.41 1.17 16.81 0.04 1.55 5.61 1.29 6.84 Poland 49.88 0.03 10.95 0.00 0.85 24.80 0.49 0.12 6.24 0.22 6.42 Portugal 46.53 0.14 6.42 0.21 3.83 28.94 0.62 0.58 3.56 0.26 8.92 Romania 41.72 0.00 15.14 0.00 0.01 33.84 0.67 0.00 3.45 0.01 5.15 Serbia 31.50 0.00 14.62 0.00 0.61 18.99 0.58 0.12 6.17 0.01 27.40 Slovakia 53.33 0.09 8.74 0.02 0.54 23.80 0.38 0.30 4.32 0.12 8.35 Slovenia 49.58 0.20 8.83 0.07 1.46 22.32 0.39 1.17 5.77 0.41 9.81 Spain 48.31 0.03 8.55 0.73 6.58 22.85 0.83 0.54 3.67 0.20 7.73 Sweden 55.94 0.43 0.19 1.34 1.61 24.75 0.05 1.62 1.29 2.68 10.10 UK 46.45 0.59 9.50 1.91 1.05 25.72 0.11 0.16 3.39 0.18 10.95 Total 49.25 0.23 7.92 0.3 2.29 25.97 0.33 0.55 4.20 0.48 8.49 Country Female Empl1. Comp. Car2 Profit/Loss3 Pens4. Unempl5. Old-age6 Survivor7 Sickness8 Disabled9 Ed. allowance10 HH inc11. Austria 42.72 0.00 3.91 0.57 3.01 24.20 4.88 0.69 1.18 0.28 18.57 Belgium 42.92 0.11 2.92 0.03 5.54 23.16 1.01 0.70 4.47 0.19 18.94 Bulgaria 39.76 0.00 3.35 0.03 1.06 37.82 2.03 0.89 2.63 0.02 12.41 Croatia 36.03 0.02 5.33 0.03 0.93 24.06 13.02 0.36 5.76 0.14 14.32 Czechia 40.25 0.07 4.01 0.10 0.44 37.16 3.03 0.60 3.74 0.11 10.49 Denmark 52.17 0.07 2.00 0.00 7.25 24.20 0.24 0.99 4.97 2.97 5.14 Estonia 49.01 0.26 1.29 0.03 1.33 30.60 0.11 0.81 5.44 0.43 10.69 Finland 47.85 0.14 6.91 1.11 6.11 19.70 1.39 0.61 3.55 1.23 11.39 France 43.07 0.00 2.06 0.04 3.07 28.15 0.40 0.09 0.97 0.11 22.03 Germany 43.92 0.10 2.42 0.37 2.74 26.36 3.89 0.43 2.55 0.43 16.78 Greece 25.50 0.01 10.20 0.00 0.91 28.57 9.54 0.04 1.32 0.04 23.85 Hungary 38.03 0.01 2.48 0.00 1.27 40.19 0.45 0.23 3.78 0.20 13.35 Latvia 43.28 0.01 2.68 0.02 1.28 37.49 0.38 0.97 2.90 0.16 10.83 Lithuania 41.42 0.02 5.32 0.02 1.69 36.16 1.98 1.06 4.56 0.10 7.68 Netherlands 47.53 0.11 5.62 0.02 2.15 22.28 0.18 0.45 2.91 1.01 17.73 Norway 56.86 0.08 1.74 0.17 0.89 16.72 0.20 2.58 9.42 1.67 9.68 Poland 39.41 0.00 4.16 0.01 1.44 34.65 5.08 0.27 3.51 0.25 11.21 Portugal 43.76 0.04 3.26 0.16 2.60 26.46 6.12 0.70 2.72 0.19 13.99 Romania 31.96 0.00 8.23 0.00 0.01 40.00 4.49 0.02 3.13 0.02 12.13 Serbia 25.32 0.00 4.50 0.03 0.35 17.75 9.09 0.14 4.25 0.08 38.50 Slovakia 44.45 0.02 3.48 0.02 0.42 30.58 3.90 0.41 4.54 0.19 11.99 Slovenia 43.48 0.04 4.60 0.05 1.44 24.21 4.94 1.61 4.59 0.62 14.41 Spain 41.34 0.00 5.29 0.55 6.51 12.11 10.52 0.46 2.34 0.27 20.61 Sweden 53.48 0.11 1.34 1.42 1.41 24.18 0.13 2.52 2.23 2.97 10.22 UK 42.04 0.09 3.73 0.77 0.70 25.84 1.32 0.20 3.79 0.41 21.12 Total 42.22 0.05 4.03 0.22 2.18 27.70 3.53 0.71 3.65 0.56 15.12 1 Gross employee cash or near cash income. 2 Company car. 3 Gross cash benefits or losses from self-employment. 4 Pensions received from individual private plans. 5 Unemployment benefits. 6 Old-age benefits. 7 Survivor’ benefits. 8 Sickness benefits. 9 Disability benefits. 10 Education-related allowances. 11 Household income at individual level. Source: author’s calculations from EU-SILC 2016 data.
Appendix A. 47 TABLE A.3: Detailed decomposition of the 20th percentile total income gap for pooled country sample Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK Explained Age -0.067*** -0.017*** -0.058*** -0.039*** -0.009*** -0.019** -0.077*** -0.031*** -0.033*** -0.042*** -0.054*** -0.063*** -0.044*** -0.085*** -0.022*** -0.033*** -0.074*** -0.029*** -0.090*** -0.099*** -0.023*** -0.037*** -0.071*** -0.034*** -0.017*** Children <15 -0.001 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.000 -0.004** 0.000 -0.002* -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -0.002 0.000 0.000 -0.002* -0.004** 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.007 0.000 -0.002* -0.003* 0.000 -0.002 Children <3 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.000 -0.002* Secondary edu. 0.029*** 0.006*** 0.046*** 0.061*** 0.014*** 0.010*** -0.008 0.012*** 0.013*** -0.017*** 0.007** 0.030*** 0.007 -0.008 0.003** 0.018*** 0.01 0.004*** 0.008 -0.087*** 0.014*** 0.035*** 0.006*** 0.018*** 0.000 Tertiarty edu. 0.029*** -0.003 -0.057*** -0.007** -0.001 -0.011*** -0.018** -0.021*** -0.005*** 0.070*** 0.002* -0.009*** -0.019** -0.01 0.004** -0.016*** -0.013*** -0.008** 0.001 0.014** -0.005** -0.026*** -0.005** -0.012** -0.001 Married 0.003 0.007** 0.004* 0.012*** 0.001 -0.006*** 0.011*** 0.003** 0.005*** 0.011*** 0.012*** -0.002 0.020*** 0.024*** 0.004*** 0.002 0.010*** 0.016*** 0.007** 0.006 0.001 0.003** 0.011*** 0.001 0.001 Cohabiting 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003** 0.001 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002** 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Part-time 0.133*** 0.044*** 0.004 0.008** 0.004*** 0.031*** 0.023*** 0.013*** 0.083*** 0.211*** 0.021*** 0.006** 0.012*** 0.010* 0.106*** 0.039*** 0.028*** 0.035*** -0.032*** -0.007 0.008*** 0.007*** 0.093*** 0.045*** 0.114*** Unemployed -0.033*** -0.005 -0.070*** -0.050*** 0.005 -0.008** -0.021*** -0.031*** -0.009** -0.020*** -0.022 -0.052*** -0.068*** -0.067*** 0.001 -0.005* 0.005 -0.022*** -0.089*** -0.243*** -0.016** 0.017** -0.004 -0.005 -0.026*** Inactive 0.129*** 0.083*** 0.081*** 0.084*** 0.111*** 0.076*** 0.145*** 0.055*** 0.053*** 0.111*** 0.101*** 0.172*** 0.207*** 0.169*** 0.124*** 0.092*** 0.173*** 0.057*** 0.174*** 0.103*** 0.092*** 0.072*** 0.105*** 0.055*** 0.130*** Managerial 0.039*** 0.030*** 0.032*** 0.029*** 0.020*** 0.006* 0.013* 0.023*** 0.044*** 0.053*** 0.020*** 0.015*** 0.014*** 0.012 0.061*** 0.023*** 0.028*** 0.072*** 0.034*** 0.088*** 0.011*** 0.025*** 0.053*** 0.019*** 0.042*** Professional 0.002 -0.01 -0.102*** -0.106*** -0.029*** -0.016** -0.044*** 0.009 -0.002 0.022*** -0.001 -0.018*** -0.072*** -0.077** 0.040*** -0.033*** -0.097*** -0.080*** -0.041** -0.086*** -0.028*** -0.059*** -0.049*** -0.090*** 0.001 Technician 0.028*** 0.025*** 0.029*** 0.116*** 0.012*** 0.003 -0.010** -0.036*** 0.021*** -0.052*** 0.052*** -0.054*** -0.039*** -0.006 0.002 0.026*** -0.042*** 0.112*** 0.047*** -0.005 -0.006 -0.011** 0.075*** 0.052*** -0.004 Clerical -0.072*** -0.037*** -0.084*** -0.073*** -0.078*** -0.013 -0.034*** -0.096*** -0.111*** -0.126*** -0.062*** -0.090*** -0.058*** -0.018 -0.065*** -0.017*** -0.064*** -0.051*** -0.082*** -0.192*** -0.055*** -0.047*** -0.137*** -0.058*** -0.071*** Service/Sales -0.093*** -0.056*** -0.098*** -0.106*** -0.050*** -0.01 -0.048*** -0.166*** -0.086*** -0.071*** -0.023*** -0.052*** -0.080*** -0.069*** -0.067*** -0.021 -0.165*** -0.136*** -0.257*** -0.094*** -0.059*** -0.046*** -0.143*** -0.166*** -0.091*** Agricultural 0.000 0.001 -0.006** 0.001 -0.001 -0.004 0.000 0.005*** 0.010*** 0.006*** -0.010*** 0.003 -0.002 -0.003 0.010*** -0.006 0.001 -0.019*** -0.006 0.015** 0.000 0.003 0.054*** 0.007* 0.000 Craft/trade 0.193*** 0.101*** 0.134*** 0.182*** 0.101*** 0.02 0.076*** 0.200*** 0.128*** 0.164*** 0.186*** 0.177*** 0.132*** 0.063** 0.080*** 0.024* 0.255*** 0.290*** 0.481*** 0.313*** 0.097*** 0.145*** 0.298*** 0.181*** 0.076*** Plant/machinery 0.059*** 0.048*** 0.173*** 0.134*** 0.050*** 0.015** 0.035*** 0.102*** 0.071*** 0.026*** 0.112*** 0.059*** 0.118*** 0.073** 0.042*** 0.018** 0.198*** 0.086*** 0.294*** 0.262*** 0.066*** 0.043*** 0.202*** 0.092*** 0.037*** Elementary -0.066*** -0.030*** 0.004 -0.037*** -0.015*** 0.000 -0.012* -0.030*** -0.058*** -0.006** -0.017*** -0.027*** -0.014 -0.007 -0.013*** -0.011** -0.055*** -0.178*** -0.017* -0.050*** -0.015*** -0.037*** -0.110*** -0.013*** -0.003 Non-citizen 0.003 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.004** 0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 Total 0.314*** 0.186*** 0.03 0.209*** 0.137*** 0.069*** 0.034* 0.01 0.127*** 0.346*** 0.327*** 0.096*** 0.114*** 0.003 0.313*** 0.095*** 0.197*** 0.150*** 0.429*** -0.07 0.083*** 0.086*** 0.377*** 0.090*** 0.186*** Unexplained Age -0.457** -1.854*** -0.072 -4.684*** -0.560*** 0.049 0.238*** 0.094 -0.438*** 0.043 -3.433*** -0.647*** -0.303*** -0.211 -0.238** 0.059 -3.000*** -2.755*** -4.487*** 0.267 -0.853*** -0.146 -5.633*** 0.361*** -0.606*** Children <15 0.009 -0.106*** -0.017 -0.167*** 0.012 -0.028* -0.018 -0.001 -0.065*** -0.057*** -0.808*** 0.007 -0.033** 0.036 -0.018 -0.033*** 0.056 -0.066*** -0.253*** 0.01 -0.002 0.001 -0.162*** -0.035** -0.054*** Children <3 0.043*** -0.013 0.033*** -0.084*** 0.043*** 0.006 0.014** 0.016*** 0.01 -0.007 -0.006 0.034*** 0.01 0.018 -0.003 0.011** 0.005 -0.011 -0.068** 0.031 0.037*** 0.003 -0.064*** 0.029*** 0.034*** Secondary edu. 0.186*** 0.000 0.093** -0.189* 0.099*** 0.048* -0.028 0.000 -0.016 0.197*** -0.117 0.090** 0.090** -0.003 0.042** 0.087*** 0.411*** -0.027 0.365*** -0.283*** 0.046 -0.016 0.015 0.048* 0.027 Tertiarty edu. 0.090** 0.002 0.089*** -0.091* 0.031*** 0.028 0.027 0.009 -0.007 0.043** -0.097 0.065** 0.062** 0.055 0.007 0.050** 0.057 -0.053** 0.108** -0.127** 0.022 0.038* -0.053 0.015 0.023 Married 0.670*** 0.820*** 0.219*** 1.451*** 0.113*** 0.069*** 0.094*** 0.143*** 0.406*** 0.735*** 2.617*** 0.137*** 0.155*** 0.215*** 0.406*** 0.091*** 0.768*** 0.631*** 1.203*** 0.427*** 0.189*** 0.131*** 2.027*** 0.164*** 0.501*** Cohabiting 0.049*** 0.045*** 0.042*** 0.008 0.021*** 0.023** 0.024*** 0.042*** 0.087*** 0.041*** 0.015** 0.034*** 0.016* 0.013* 0.054*** 0.023** 0.024*** 0.068*** 0.011 0.001 0.012*** 0.032*** 0.045** 0.055*** 0.095*** Part-time -0.149*** -0.070*** -0.013** 0.014 0.003 -0.033** -0.027*** -0.016*** -0.077*** -0.199*** -0.051*** -0.006 -0.022*** -0.031*** -0.118*** -0.033*** 0.037*** -0.004 0.026 -0.042*** 0.007 -0.005 -0.121*** -0.052*** -0.080*** Unemployed -0.030*** -0.005 -0.065*** 0.456*** 0.010** -0.009 -0.020*** -0.022*** -0.007 -0.058*** 0.319*** -0.001 -0.047*** -0.026** -0.004 -0.003 0.150*** 0.156*** 0.062*** -0.570*** 0.039*** -0.018* 0.320*** -0.017*** 0.003 Inactive 0.420*** 0.572*** 0.081** 1.365*** -0.027 0.023 -0.215*** -0.034 0.165*** 0.047 1.397*** 0.145*** -0.198*** -0.081 -0.036 -0.058*** 0.506*** 0.696*** 1.901*** 0.158 0.120*** -0.046* 2.328*** -0.059** 0.278*** Managerial -0.030*** -0.052*** 0.009 -0.062*** 0.005* -0.004 -0.01 0.008*** -0.015*** 0.007 -0.025*** -0.005 0.012 -0.003 0.020*** 0.007 -0.077*** -0.021** -0.022** 0.032*** -0.003 -0.004 -0.031*** 0.015*** 0.007 Professional -0.076** -0.289*** 0.055 -0.378*** 0.017 -0.039 -0.002 0.073*** -0.077*** 0.035 -0.522*** -0.05 0.046 0.048 0.114*** 0.001 -0.291*** -0.126*** -0.512*** 0.145*** -0.015 -0.001 -0.266*** 0.114*** -0.021 Technician -0.083** -0.130*** 0.028** -0.238*** 0.013 -0.012 0.01 0.091*** -0.081*** 0.063 -0.241*** -0.037 0.035 0.027 0.089*** -0.003 -0.169*** -0.061*** -0.274*** 0.138*** -0.006 0.006 -0.169*** 0.051*** 0.011 Clerical -0.052* -0.176*** 0.038* -0.265*** 0.02 -0.021 0.016 0.044*** -0.044** 0.039 -0.456*** -0.03 0.041** 0.006 0.079*** 0.004 -0.157*** -0.067*** -0.180*** 0.158*** -0.009 -0.001 -0.303*** 0.008 0.018 Service/Sales -0.158*** -0.168*** 0.047 -0.480*** 0.018 -0.009 0.025 0.105*** -0.078*** 0.060** -0.723*** -0.021 0.029 0.08 0.084*** -0.002 -0.201*** -0.151*** -0.563*** 0.218*** 0.000 0.015 -0.391*** 0.102** 0.037 Agricultural -0.052*** 0.008* 0.008 -0.094*** -0.001 -0.006** -0.003 0.015*** -0.019*** -0.001 -0.718*** -0.002 -0.008 0.009 0.003* 0.000 -0.042 -0.071*** -0.837*** 0.042** -0.004* 0.003 -0.070*** 0.004 -0.001 Craft/trade 0.002 -0.018** 0.033* -0.120*** 0.006 0.000 0.002 0.013*** -0.003 0.009** -0.092*** -0.001 0.016 0.031 0.016*** 0.004 -0.075*** -0.056*** -0.473*** 0.098*** -0.002 0.003 -0.095*** 0.006** 0.003 Plant/machinery -0.005 -0.035*** 0.036*** -0.091*** 0.015** -0.004 0.006 0.028*** -0.018** 0.053*** -0.089*** -0.003 0.006 0.008 0.007*** 0.002 -0.030** -0.039** -0.216*** 0.035*** 0.003 0.013 -0.034*** 0.011** 0.003 Elementary -0.043 -0.192*** 0.02 -0.384*** 0.001 0.003 -0.003 0.032*** -0.049*** 0.021* -0.322*** -0.043 -0.011 0.037 0.035*** 0.014 -0.144*** -0.209*** -0.430*** 0.197*** -0.018 0.018 -0.331*** 0.017* 0.016 Non-citizen -0.003 0.019 0.002 -0.005 0.001 0.000 -0.026*** 0.004** 0.001 0.025* 0.009 0.002 -0.005 0.003 0.006 0.008 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.006 0.000 0.008*** 0.015 -0.003 0.012 Constant 0.117 2.057*** -0.518*** 4.695*** 0.308*** -0.134 -0.17 -0.566*** 0.656*** -0.814*** 5.591*** 0.444** 0.084 -0.061 -0.259* -0.026 2.505*** 2.460*** 5.825*** -0.351 0.604*** 0.078 4.077*** -0.738*** 0.028 Total 0.450*** 0.413*** 0.148*** 0.658*** 0.149*** -0.052* -0.068*** 0.080*** 0.333*** 0.285*** 2.247*** 0.114*** -0.026 0.169*** 0.284*** 0.204*** 0.331*** 0.293*** 1.186*** 0.590*** 0.166*** 0.111*** 1.104*** 0.097*** 0.336*** Note: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Base for education variables is primary education; for marital status - single; for employment status - full-time worker; for occupation - army workers and technicians. Source: author’s calculations from EU-SILC 2016 data.