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2.3.3 Employment
The results of the FPC 2014 show that employment grew by 8.8 percent from 34,114 in 2013 to 37,120 in 2014. In terms of nationality of employees, Rwandans were 90.6 percent against 9.4 percent of foreigners. The number of short-term foreign employees was 315 which is equivalents to 0.8 percent of the total. According to category of employment, managerial positions are occupied by 2683 staff (7.2 percent), administrative 2,762 staff (7.4 percent); skilled 6,879 staff (21.0 percent) and casual 24,974 staff (64.4 percent). Details are provided in table 2.7 and figure 2.1.
Table2.7: Employment by Category in 2014 Category Foreign LT Foreign ST Local Total Administrative 1,032 93 1,637 2,762 Managerial 996 41 1,646 2,683 Skilled 1,084 181 6,519 7,784 Unskilled 69
23,822 23,891 Total 3,181 315 33,624 37,120 Source: Foreign Private investment 2015 Figure2.1: Distribution of employment by type in 2013
Source: Foreign Private investment 2015 Regarding sector distribution of employment, agriculture had the highest number with 38.8 percent, followed by mining and quarrying with 18.4 percent of total number of employees, finance services with 14.6 percent and manufacturing 7.8 percent.
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Table2.8: Distribution of employment by sector 2011-2014
Sector
2011
2012
2013
2014
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
8,015
4,274
9,596
14,394
Real estate activities
6,183
6,183
1,231
1,094
Mining and quarrying
4,875
4,756
3,825
6,830
Financial and insurance activities
3,944
4,083
5,129
5,434
Manufacturing
2,817
5,832
3,191
2,878
Administrative and support service activities
1,509
1,445
1,329
156
ICT
846
651
461
650
Wholesale and retail trade
808
770
618
2,401
Tourism
579
1,629
778
2,152
Others
1,141
3,211
7,956
1,131
Total
30,717
32,834
34,114
37,120
Source: Foreign Private investment 2015
The increase in Agriculture employment came mainly from newly privatized tea factories like Shagasha, Mulindi and Gisakura. The agriculture sector employs most of casual laborers in tea and coffee plantations.
The drop in employment in sectors like real estate and administrative was caused by change of some
companies’ ownership from non-residents to residents and the nature of the real estate sector which
employs casual laborers in a given season.
2.3.4 Compensations of employees.
Total compensation of employees (wages, salaries, contribution to pension fund, fringe benefits, etc.) paid out by enterprises that responded to the FPC 2014 increased from US$ 301.6 million in 2013 to US$.320.7 million in 2014. Local employees received the highest share of total employee’s compensation accounting for an average of 84.5 percent of the total compensation in 2014.
The best remunerating sectors were finance and insurance with 51.4 percent of total remuneration, followed by agriculture 12.5 percent and manufacturing for 7.5 percent. Details are shown in Table 2.9.
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Table 2.9: Compensation of Employees 2011- 2014 (US$ million) Compensation 2011 2012 2013 2014 Financial services 43.0 81.9 163.7 164.9 ICT 20.0 14.2 13.7 15.8 Manufacturing 12.9 18.0 21.9 24.0 Wholesale & Retail trade 4.5 4.8 6.2 9.6 Tourism 4.0 2.0 8.0 6.0 Agriculture 3.4 4.6 9.8 40.0 Transportation 1.9 1.5 54.0 17.0 Mining 1.7 2.1 3.7 2.2 Others 3.6 10.0 20.6 41.2 Total 95.0 139.0 301.6 320.7 Source: Foreign Private investment 2015 2.3.5 Corporate social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility is a corporate initiative to take responsibility for the company's
effects on the environment and social welfare. Those initiatives are directed to environment,
infrastructure, educational programs, health and other social, cultural or community services that
benefit the population. The contributions of companies to corporate social responsibility stood at
US$ 2.3 million in 2014 down from US$ 5.0.million in 2013.
The activities which attracted substantial CSR expenditures were sports development, donations
to vulnerable groups, education; health & welfare which on average accounted for 48.4 percent.
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Figure2 2: Corporate social responsibility by type of recipient in 2014 (US$ thousands)
Source: Foreign Private investment 2015
On average, most of the Corporate Social Responsibility expenditures were dedicated to sports development (45.0 percent) - the big chunk went in Primus Guma- Guma super star and the primus league. The results showed that the manufacturing sector was the biggest contributor to CSR in 2014 as it accounted for about 51.6 percent, followed by financial sector with 27.1 percent.
Table2.10: Corporate Social Responsibility by Sector 2011- 2014 (US$ million)
Sector
2011
2012
2013
2014
Manufacturing
1.5
2.2
1.3
1.2
Financial
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.6
ICT
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.0
Agriculture
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
Tourism
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
Wholesale and retail trade
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Mining
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
Others
0.1
0.2
1.8
0.2
Total
2.8
4.0
5.0
2.3
Source: Foreign Private investment 2015
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CHAPTER THREE
FOREIGN PRIVATE INVESTMENTS IN RWANDA 3.0 Introduction
This chapter highlights the census findings on foreign private investment that include s foreign direct investment, foreign portfolio, foreign borrowing and the respective outs tanding as at end of 2014 . It presents also the situation of income, profitability and analysis of selected FPC indicators.
Foreign Private Capital is composed of Fo reign Direct Investment (FDI), other investments and Portfolio investment. FDI are made of investments of non -residents in resident companies with a shareholding of at least 10% of the company’s total capital and debt from fellow (related) enterprises but excludes debt among related financial intermediaries. Portfolio investment are tradable instruments and other investments which are borrowing from outside as well as non - tradable shareholding of less than 10% of total capital of the company.
All these ca tegories are analyzed by type of liability or instrument, relationship, sector of investment, and source country. Foreign Private Capitals have two directions which are liabilities made of inward investment flows and stocks as well as assets made of outwar ds investments flows and stocks.
3.1 Foreign Private Capital attraction in Rwanda
Looking at the performances in terms of investment attraction an d registration, for the last seven
years (2009 -2014), a total of 338 investments projects fully owned by fo reign investors or in
joint ventures with local investment has been registered with pledg ed investment value of US$
2,607 million and planning to create 55,141 jobs.
In 338 pledged projects, 21 1 are operational, 69 are in implementation phase, and 3 2 have
closed, while 36 remain committed to start their activities. The following table presents the
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pledged investments in value, number of projects and annual planned new jobs for the period of 2009-2014.
Table3.11: New Foreign Private Investments registered (2009 – 2014)
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Number
46
41
60
76
61
54
Value($ million)
529.72
199.07
398.89
474.90
644.85
359.61
Jobs
10,734
12,529
5,553
17,311
3,845
5,169
Source: Rwanda Development Board, 2014.
3.2 Foreign Private Investment in Rwanda
Foreign Private Capital in Rwanda has been increasing overtime. In 2014, FPC inflows to Rwanda
recorded high increase of 31 percent as it reached to US$ 560.8 million compared to $427.7 million
recorded in 2013. They were dominated by FDI, amounting to US$ 458.9 million, accounting for 81.8%
percent of total inflows, followed by other investments of US$ 96.3 million, accounting for 17.2 percent
and portfolio investments of US$ 5.6 million with 1.0 percent.
In 2014, Foreign Private investment was driven by ICT, Mining and Finance and Insurance activities,
the three sectors represented a share of 70.2 percent for the total inflows recorded. In 2011 with the
starting of Rwanda Stock exchange, portfolio investments flows were particularly high ($ 87.3 USD)
compared to other years as presented in figure 3.3.
In terms of stock, total foreign private capital rose by 24.8 percent reaching US$ 1,752 million in 2014 from US$ 1,404 million recorded in 2013 of which FDI amounts to US$ 1,152.4 million followed by other investments of US$ 504.7 million and portfolio investments of US$ 95 million.
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Figure3.3: Foreign Private Investment Inflows and Stock by 2014
Source: Foreign Private investment 2015
The flows of foreign private investments have been increasing over the years as presented in the table 3.12
Table3. 12: Foreign Private Investments Inflows by Category 2008-2014(US$ million)
INFLOWS
YEARS
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
FDI
66.9
103.3
250.5
119.1
255
257.6
458.9
PORTFOLIO
1.1
0.7
1.5
87.3
1
1.7
5.6
OTHER INVESTMENT
77.9
35.7
91
150.2
153.3
168.4
96.3
TOTAL
145.9
139.7
343.1
356.6
409.3
427.7
560.8
Source: Foreign Private investment 2015
In the year 2014, total inflows amounted to US$ 560.8 million, outflows stood at US$ 212.9 million giving the net flows of US$ 347.9 million during 2014.
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Table3. 13 : Foreign Private Investments flows 2014 (US$ million)
Components 2013 2014 Stock Inflows Outflows Net flows Stock FDI 837.6 458.9 144.2 314.7 1,152.4 PORTFOLIO 89.4 5.6
5.6 94.9 OTHER INVESTMENT 477.1 96.3 68.7 27.6 504.7 TOTAL 1404.1 560.8 212.9 347.9 1,752.1 Source: Foreign Private investment 2015
3.2.1 Foreign Private Investment by sector of economic activity
Considering foreign inflows by recipient sectors, 28.7 percent of total FPC in 2014 was channeled to ICT, followed by mining with 24.4 percent, finance and insurance with 17 percent, and tourism with 12.8 percent, wholesale and retail trade 5.2% and other sectors with 11.9 percent. The stock of foreign investment in ICT accounted 35 percent with an amount of US$ 613 million followed by finance and insurance accounting 23 percent with US$ 411 million and manufacturing with 16 percent which is equivalent to US$ 277 million.
Figure3.4: Foreign Private Investment Inflows and Stocks by Sector (US$ million), in 2014.
Source: Foreign Private investment 2015
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3.2.2 Foreign Private Investment by country of origin
Most of the flows were mainly from Mauritius (US$ 113.5 million) followed by Switzerland (US$ 106.2 million), United States of America (US$ 70 million) and Luxembourg (US$ 52.6 million) accounting for 61 percent of total FPC in 2014.
In terms of stocks, Mauritius, Kenya, South Africa, USA, Luxembourg, and Netherlands were leading accounting for 57.6 percent of the total stock. Mauritius is the largest investor as a host of many holding companies although the ultimate controlling companies are from different parts of the world. The census took into consideration only the immediate relationship (immediate investor). Beside countries of origin, loan from financial institutions such as Preferential Trade Area (PTA) and African Development Bank (ADB) were important with US$ 90 million in 2014. Sectors such as tourism, finance and insurance borrowed from these institutions.
Table 3.14: Inflows and Stocks by Origin in 2014 (US$ million)
Country
Inflows
% Share
Country
Stock
% Share
Mauritius
113.5
20.2
Mauritius
300.7
17.2
Switzerland
106.3
18.9
Kenya
172.1
9.8
US
70.0
12.5
South Africa
164.5
9.4
Luxembourg
52.6
9.4
US
148.6
8.5
IFC
45.0
8.0
Luxembourg
133.6
7.6
India
38.6
6.9
Netherlands
90.2
5.1
Kenya
28.3
5.1
Preferential Trade Area (PTA)
79.7
4.6
Canada
19.6
3.5
United Kingdom
70.8
4.0
Netherlands
17.5
3.1
Libya
60.0
3.4
Preferential Trade Area (PTA)
13.0
2.3
India
51.9
3.0
Others
56.3
10.0
479.9
27.4
Total
561
100.0
1,752.05 100.0 Source: Foreign Private investment 2015
With regard to foreign private capital stock by regional economic grouping, the European Union (EU) countries held the highest stock amounting to US$ 398.1 million (22.7 percent) up dominated by investments from Luxembourg and Netherlands mostly in finance & insurance and in telecommunication sectors respectively. COMESA (Non- EAC) held US$ 360.8 million (20.6