81 Components of the FDES and the Basic Set of Environment Statistics 81 3.228. Polluted wastewater should be collected and treated before its discharge to the environ ment to reduce harmful environment effects. Statistics on the population’s access to wastewater collecting systems and wastewater treatment are an important part of statistics on human settlements. Access to wastewater collecting systems does not necessarily mean that the waste water is treated. 3.229. The generation of large amounts of waste during the normal functioning of households and economic activities in human settlements is also a very important environmental quality and human health concern, particularly in highly dense urban areas. Statistics about the popu lation served by municipal waste collection are therefore considered important information about the population’s access to basic services. 3.230. The last group of statistics under this topic refers to households with access to electric ity and its price. Access to electricity is a measure of modern energy services. This term also encompasses access to clean cooking facilities, which include clean cooking fuels and stoves, advanced biomass cook stoves and biogas systems. 3.231. Institutional partners for this topic include NSOs, development, planning, energy and health ministries, utility providers and other agencies. In some countries, the municipal authorities in charge of providing some or all of these services produce the related statistics. In some instances, other partners may include agencies responsible for cartography or GIS data. Main data sources include administrative records, population censuses and household surveys that collect the relevant household data on water, sanitation, waste removal and energy. Table 3.5.1.2 Statistics and related information for Topic 5.1.2 Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health Subcomponent 5.1: Human Settlements Topic 5.1.2: Access to selected basic services Statistics and related information Category of measurement Potential aggregations and scales Methodological guidance (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text—Tier 3) a. Population using an improved drinking water source Number •• Urban •• Rural •• National •• Subnational •• UNSD: MDG Indicator 7.8 and 7.9 Metadata •• UN-Water •• UNSD: Environment Statistics Section— Water and Waste Questionnaire •• WHO/(United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation b. Population using an improved sanitation facility Number c. Population served by municipal waste collection Number d. Population connected to wastewater collecting system Number •• By treatment type (e.g., pri mary, secondary, tertiary) •• National •• Subnational •• UNSD: IRWS •• ISIC Rev. 4, Section E, Division 35-37 •• UNSD: Environment Statistics Section— Water Questionnaire e. Population connected to wastewater treatment Number f. Population supplied by water supply industry Number •• National •• Subnational g. Price of water Currency •• By source (e.g., piped, vendor) h. Population with access to electricity Number i. Price of electricity Currency Topic 5.1.3: Housing conditions 3.232. This topic includes information on the sufficiency of housing in terms of the following characteristics: population access to an adequate dwelling; the characteristics of the houses in which both rural and urban population live, including the quality of the houses (e.g., building materials) and location in a safe or a hazard-prone area. Housing access and conditions have
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 82 a direct effect on human well-being and health, and these data serve as critical measures of those attributes. 3.233. Housing condition statistics need to be described according to national conditions and priorities. Income distribution directly influences access to housing, the quality of homes accessible to different social groups, and their location. The poorest members of the population usually live in poorly built, unsafe and less sanitary housing, which renders them more vulner able to disasters and adverse health impacts. 3.234. Depending on the country, common statistics describing the quality and location of houses in either safe or hazard-prone areas include the urban population living in slums, area of slums, population living in informal settlements, homeless population, and the number of dwellings with adequate building materials as defined by national or local standards. Addi tionally, statistics on hazard-prone areas and the population living in hazard-prone areas are commonly used when available. 3.235. Poor or inadequate housing conditions in urban areas may be addressed using the concept of “slums” and statistics on the area and proportion of urban population living in them. MDG indicator 7.10 defines the urban population living in slum households as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the following conditions: access to improved water; access to improved sanitation; sufficient living area; durability of housing; or security of tenure. However, information on secure tenure is not available for most countries, so only the first four indicators are usually used to define slum households.74 3.236. Data sources for this topic include censuses and household surveys. Typically, the NSO’s partners include the urban planning and housing authorities responsible for zoning, construc tion methods and regulation of building materials used for local homes and buildings. Table 3.5.1.3 Statistics and related information for Topic 5.1.3 Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health Subcomponent 5.1: Human Settlements Topic 5.1.3: Housing conditions Statistics and related information Category of measurement Potential aggregations and scales Methodological guidance (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text—Tier 3) a. Urban population living in slums Number •• UN Habitat •• UNSD: MDG Indicator 7.10 Metadata b. Area of slums Area c. Population living in hazard-prone areas Number •• Urban •• Rural •• National •• Subnational d. Hazard-prone areas Area e. Population living in informal settlements Number f. Homeless population Number g. Number of dwellings with adequacy of building materials defined by national or local standards Number Topic 5.1.4: Exposure to ambient pollution 3.237. This topic includes spatially described statistics on human populations exposed to dif ferent levels of air and noise pollution. This topic overlays pollutant emission and exposure data onto geographic and demographic data to create a more detailed understanding of the loca tion of populations currently exposed to pollutants and those most at risk of future exposure. Location-specific geospatial information on ambient pollutant levels is extremely important for environmental protection and environmental health policies, particularly in larger cities. Statistics for this topic include the number of people exposed to air or noise pollutants in main 74 United Nations Statistics Division. “Millennium Development Goals Indicators, Indicator 7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slums”, available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/ Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=32 (accessed 4 August 2017).
83 Components of the FDES and the Basic Set of Environment Statistics 83 cities. Data are obtained from NSOs through censuses and surveys (for demographic statis tics), environmental authorities (for point pollution emissions), and geographic or cartographic authorities. Table 3.5.1.4 Statistics and related information for Topic 5.1.4 Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health Subcomponent 5.1: Human Settlements Topic 5.1.4: Exposure to ambient pollution Statistics and related information Category of measurement Potential aggregations and scales Methodological guidance (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text—Tier 3) a. Population exposed to air pollution in main cities Number By pollutant (e.g., SO2, NOx, O3) WHO b. Population exposed to noise pollution in main cities Number Topic 5.1.5: Environmental concerns specific to urban settlements 3.238. A growing proportion of the world’s population, currently more than half, live in urban areas. This topic is intended to organize issues of specific relevance to this part of the popula tion. Depending on national and local conditions and priorities, additional environmentally relevant urban concerns should be included here. Such issues may include, but are not limited to, the extent of urban sprawl, the availability of green spaces for urban residents, the prevail ing types of transportation in and between urban areas, and the existence and effectiveness of urban planning and zoning. 3.239. With regard to transportation, statistics may include the number of private, public and commercial vehicles by engine type, as well as the extent of roadway infrastructure. Most importantly, from the environment statistics perspective, additional statistics should include the number of passengers transported by public transportation systems and the number of passengers transported annually by hybrid and electric modes of transportation. 3.240. Data sources for this topic include administrative records and remote sensing. The NSO’s typical partners include municipal authorities, urban planning and housing authorities responsible for zoning, transport authorities and urban research centres. Table 3.5.1.5 Statistics and related information for Topic 5.1.5 Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health Subcomponent 5.1: Human Settlements Topic 5.1.5: Environmental concerns specific to urban settlements Statistics and related information Category of measurement Potential aggregations and scales Methodological guidance (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text—Tier 3) a. Extent of urban sprawl Area •• UN Habitat •• WHO •• UNEP Urban Environment Unit b. Available green spaces Area c. Number of private and public vehicles Number By type of engine or type of fuel d. Population using public modes of transportation Number e. Population using hybrid and electric modes of transportation Number f. Extent of roadways Length g. Existence of urban planning and zoning regulations and instruments in main cities Description h. Effectiveness of urban planning and zoning regulations and instruments in main cities Description
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)84
Subcomponent 5.2: Environmental Health
3.241. The impacts of changes in environmental conditions and pollution on human health
are multiple and vary from country to country. The WHO is the leading global institution
documenting the relationship between health and the environment. Its publications include a
considerable volume of critical global statistics on environmental health.75
3.242. Environmental health focuses on how environmental factors and processes impact and
change human health. It can be defined as an interdisciplinary field that focuses on analysing
the relationship between public health and the environment. From the health perspective,
WHO states that “environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological
factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses
the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health.
It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments […]”.76
3.243. Common measures of health problems within human populations include statistics on
morbidity (incidence and prevalence) 77 and mortality associated with specific types of diseases
and conditions that are heavily influenced by environmental factors. Estimates of premature
death, the loss of work days and estimation of the economic cost in monetary terms (e.g., loss
of wages or costs of treatment) may also be included in environmental health statistics when
available.
3.244. Associated environment statistics, such as emissions of pollutants to the environment,
may be found in Component 3: Residuals, while statistics on pollution concentration in air,
water and soil may be found in Subcomponent 1.3: Environmental Quality.
3.245. The main provider of data on morbidity (incidence and prevalence) and mortality due to
environmentally related diseases and conditions is usually a country’s sanitary or health author-
ity. Other partners may include regulatory agencies and environmental protection agencies.
3.246. Primary epidemiological data can be selected and processed further for transforma -
tion into the environmental health statistics that constitute this subcomponent. The resulting
statistics are usually produced using national and subnational data. They include descriptive
epidemiological data that can usually be updated yearly.
3.247. The WHO is making remarkable progress in developing methodologies needed to esti-
mate the attributable fraction 78 and burden of disease attributable to the environment. 79 It
has also formulated comprehensive indicators and indexes such as DALY (disability-adjusted
life year),80 which is a summary measure of population health problems combining morbidity
and premature death associated with different factors related to the modifiable environment.81
However, caution must be exercised when producing these types of environmental health sta-
tistics because health and environmental problems are multifaceted and complex. Attributing
the proportion of disease cases to a specific environmental or non-environmental factor is a
challenging process associated with a degree of uncertainty.
Topic 5.2.1: Airborne diseases and conditions
3.248. This topic includes all airborne diseases and conditions that are caused or worsened
by exposure to unhealthy levels of pollutants (such as PM, SO2 or O3), usually found in urban
settlements and, in particular, in cities with weaker air quality regulations and/or enforce -
ment capabilities. Airborne diseases and conditions include, but are not limited to, upper and
lower respiratory disease, obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis, lung cancer,
ischaemic heart disease and stroke. This topic includes health statistics on morbidity (such as
incidence and prevalence) and mortality of these diseases or conditions, as well as measure -
ment of the associated impact on the labour force and economic costs. Where available, the
attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with
pollution are to be included in this topic.
75 Including (i) World Health
Organization (2010). 10 Facts
on Preventing Disease through
Healthy Environments, available
from www.who.int/features
/factfiles/environmental
-disease-burden/en/ (accessed
4 August 2017); (ii) World Health
Organization (2013). Fact Sheet
266, “Climate Change and
Health”, available from www.who.
int/mediacentre/factsheets
/fs266/en/index.html (accessed
4 August 2017); and (iii) World
Health Organization (2009).
The Resilience of Water Supply
and Sanitation in the Face of
Climate Change, “Summary and
Policy Implications Vision 2030”,
available from www.who
.int/water_sanitation_health
/publications/9789241598422
_cdrom/en/ (accessed 4 August
2017).
76 World Health Organization (2014).
“Health topics—Environmental
health”, available from www.who
.int/topics/environmental_health
/en (accessed 4 August 2017).
77 Statistics on morbidity may
include both its incidence and
prevalence within the total
population. Incidence generally
refers to the rate of occurrence
of new cases of disease (number
of new cases in a specified
population per unit of time), while
prevalence is the proportion of
the population with the disease at
a given point in time. Therefore,
incidence is the measure of
speed, while prevalence is just
a proportion—the number of
individuals with the disease
divided by the size of the source
population.
78 The attributable fraction is the
proportion of all health problems
or deaths in the community
that can be attributed to the
(environmental) risk factor.
This can be estimated by the
proportional reduction in the
number of health problems or
deaths as a result of reducing
the (environmental) risk factor.
World Health Organization
(2006). Preventing Disease through
Healthy Environments: Towards
an estimate of the environmental
burden of disease, p. 25, available
from www.who.int/quantifying
_ehimpacts/publications
/preventingdisease.pdf (accessed
4 August 2017).
79 The burden of disease
attributable to the environment
includes: number of deaths, death
rate, number of DALYs, DALYs rate,
the percentage of total deaths
attributable to the environment
and the percentage of total DALYs
attributable to the environment.
WHO Indicator and Measurement
Registry (IMR, version 1.6.0),
Indicator: “Mortality and burden
of disease attributable to the
environment”, available from
http://apps.who.int/gho
/indicatorregistry/App_Main
/view_indicator.aspx?iid=2393
(accessed 4 August 2017).
80 World Health Organization (2014).
“Metrics: Disability-Adjusted Life
Year (DALY)”, available from www
.who.int/healthinfo/global
_burden_disease/metrics_daly
/en/ (accessed 4 August 2017).
81 World Health Organization’s
definition of the modifiable
environment aims to cover those
parts of the environment that can
be modified by environmental
management, so as to reduce
its impact on human health.
World Health Organization
(2006): Preventing Disease through
Healthy Environments. Towards
an estimate of the environmental
burden of disease, p. 22, available
from www.who.int/quantifying
_ehimpacts/publications
/preventingdisease.pdf
(accessed 4 August 2017). The
modifiable environment includes:
air, soil and water pollution
with chemicals or biological
agents; ultraviolet and ionizing
radiation; built environment;
noise, electromagnetic fields;
occupational risks, agricultural
methods and irrigation schemes;
anthropogenic climate changes
and ecosystem degradation; and
individual behaviours related to
the environment (hand-washing,
food contamination with unsafe
water or dirty hands). WHO
Indicator and Measurement
Registry (IMR, version 1.6.0),
Indicator: “Mortality and
burden of disease attributable
to the environment”, available
from http://apps.who.int/gho/
indicatorregistry/App_Main/
view_indicator.aspx?iid=2393
(accessed 4 August 2017).
85Components of the FDES and the Basic Set of Environment Statistics 85
Subcomponent 5.2: Environmental Health
3.241. The impacts of changes in environmental conditions and pollution on human health
are multiple and vary from country to country. The WHO is the leading global institution
documenting the relationship between health and the environment. Its publications include a
considerable volume of critical global statistics on environmental health.75
3.242. Environmental health focuses on how environmental factors and processes impact and
change human health. It can be defined as an interdisciplinary field that focuses on analysing
the relationship between public health and the environment. From the health perspective,
WHO states that “environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological
factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses
the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health.
It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments […]”.76
3.243. Common measures of health problems within human populations include statistics on
morbidity (incidence and prevalence) 77 and mortality associated with specific types of diseases
and conditions that are heavily influenced by environmental factors. Estimates of premature
death, the loss of work days and estimation of the economic cost in monetary terms (e.g., loss
of wages or costs of treatment) may also be included in environmental health statistics when
available.
3.244. Associated environment statistics, such as emissions of pollutants to the environment,
may be found in Component 3: Residuals, while statistics on pollution concentration in air,
water and soil may be found in Subcomponent 1.3: Environmental Quality.
3.245. The main provider of data on morbidity (incidence and prevalence) and mortality due to
environmentally related diseases and conditions is usually a country’s sanitary or health author-
ity. Other partners may include regulatory agencies and environmental protection agencies.
3.246. Primary epidemiological data can be selected and processed further for transforma -
tion into the environmental health statistics that constitute this subcomponent. The resulting
statistics are usually produced using national and subnational data. They include descriptive
epidemiological data that can usually be updated yearly.
3.247. The WHO is making remarkable progress in developing methodologies needed to esti-
mate the attributable fraction 78 and burden of disease attributable to the environment. 79 It
has also formulated comprehensive indicators and indexes such as DALY (disability-adjusted
life year),80 which is a summary measure of population health problems combining morbidity
and premature death associated with different factors related to the modifiable environment.81
However, caution must be exercised when producing these types of environmental health sta-
tistics because health and environmental problems are multifaceted and complex. Attributing
the proportion of disease cases to a specific environmental or non-environmental factor is a
challenging process associated with a degree of uncertainty.
Topic 5.2.1: Airborne diseases and conditions
3.248. This topic includes all airborne diseases and conditions that are caused or worsened
by exposure to unhealthy levels of pollutants (such as PM, SO2 or O3), usually found in urban
settlements and, in particular, in cities with weaker air quality regulations and/or enforce -
ment capabilities. Airborne diseases and conditions include, but are not limited to, upper and
lower respiratory disease, obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis, lung cancer,
ischaemic heart disease and stroke. This topic includes health statistics on morbidity (such as
incidence and prevalence) and mortality of these diseases or conditions, as well as measure -
ment of the associated impact on the labour force and economic costs. Where available, the
attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with
pollution are to be included in this topic.
75 Including (i) World Health
Organization (2010). 10 Facts
on Preventing Disease through
Healthy Environments, available
from www.who.int/features
/factfiles/environmental
-disease-burden/en/ (accessed
4 August 2017); (ii) World Health
Organization (2013). Fact Sheet
266, “Climate Change and
Health”, available from www.who.
int/mediacentre/factsheets
/fs266/en/index.html (accessed
4 August 2017); and (iii) World
Health Organization (2009).
The Resilience of Water Supply
and Sanitation in the Face of
Climate Change, “Summary and
Policy Implications Vision 2030”,
available from www.who
.int/water_sanitation_health
/publications/9789241598422
_cdrom/en/ (accessed 4 August
2017).
76 World Health Organization (2014).
“Health topics—Environmental
health”, available from www.who
.int/topics/environmental_health
/en (accessed 4 August 2017).
77 Statistics on morbidity may
include both its incidence and
prevalence within the total
population. Incidence generally
refers to the rate of occurrence
of new cases of disease (number
of new cases in a specified
population per unit of time), while
prevalence is the proportion of
the population with the disease at
a given point in time. Therefore,
incidence is the measure of
speed, while prevalence is just
a proportion—the number of
individuals with the disease
divided by the size of the source
population.
78 The attributable fraction is the
proportion of all health problems
or deaths in the community
that can be attributed to the
(environmental) risk factor.
This can be estimated by the
proportional reduction in the
number of health problems or
deaths as a result of reducing
the (environmental) risk factor.
World Health Organization
(2006). Preventing Disease through
Healthy Environments: Towards
an estimate of the environmental
burden of disease, p. 25, available
from www.who.int/quantifying
_ehimpacts/publications
/preventingdisease.pdf (accessed
4 August 2017).
79 The burden of disease
attributable to the environment
includes: number of deaths, death
rate, number of DALYs, DALYs rate,
the percentage of total deaths
attributable to the environment
and the percentage of total DALYs
attributable to the environment.
WHO Indicator and Measurement
Registry (IMR, version 1.6.0),
Indicator: “Mortality and burden
of disease attributable to the
environment”, available from
http://apps.who.int/gho
/indicatorregistry/App_Main
/view_indicator.aspx?iid=2393
(accessed 4 August 2017).
80 World Health Organization (2014).
“Metrics: Disability-Adjusted Life
Year (DALY)”, available from www
.who.int/healthinfo/global
_burden_disease/metrics_daly
/en/ (accessed 4 August 2017).
81 World Health Organization’s
definition of the modifiable
environment aims to cover those
parts of the environment that can
be modified by environmental
management, so as to reduce
its impact on human health.
World Health Organization
(2006): Preventing Disease through
Healthy Environments. Towards
an estimate of the environmental
burden of disease, p. 22, available
from www.who.int/quantifying
_ehimpacts/publications
/preventingdisease.pdf
(accessed 4 August 2017). The
modifiable environment includes:
air, soil and water pollution
with chemicals or biological
agents; ultraviolet and ionizing
radiation; built environment;
noise, electromagnetic fields;
occupational risks, agricultural
methods and irrigation schemes;
anthropogenic climate changes
and ecosystem degradation; and
individual behaviours related to
the environment (hand-washing,
food contamination with unsafe
water or dirty hands). WHO
Indicator and Measurement
Registry (IMR, version 1.6.0),
Indicator: “Mortality and
burden of disease attributable
to the environment”, available
from http://apps.who.int/gho/
indicatorregistry/App_Main/
view_indicator.aspx?iid=2393
(accessed 4 August 2017).
Table 3.5.2.1
Statistics and related information for Topic 5.2.1
Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health
Subcomponent 5.2: Environmental Health
Topic 5.2.1: Airborne diseases and conditions
Statistics and related information
Category of
measurement
Potential aggregations
and scales
Methodological
guidance
(Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1 ; regular text—Tier 2;
italicized text—Tier 3)
a. Airborne diseases and conditions • By disease or condition
• National
• Subnational
• Urban
• Rural
• By gender
• By age group
• By time period
WHO
1. Incidence Number
2. Prevalence Number
3. Mortality Number
4. Loss of work days Number
5. Estimates of economic cost in monetary terms Currency
Topic 5.2.2: Water-related diseases and conditions
3.249. This topic includes all water-related diseases and conditions that result from micro-
organisms and chemicals in the water that humans drink. Water-related diseases and condi -
tions are still significant public health problems in developing countries. They include, but are
not limited to, diseases caused by biological contamination, such as gastroenteritis infections
caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa, and water-borne parasite infections. This topic may
also include diseases and health problems associated with the organic or inorganic chemi -
cal contamination of water (e.g., from arsenic, cadmium, chromium or copper) as prolonged
exposure to these chemicals can provoke health problems including increased risk of cancer,
organ damage and malfunction, and increased blood cholesterol and blood pressure. Where
available, this topic includes health statistics such as morbidity (incidence and prevalence) and
mortality of these diseases or conditions, as well as measures of the associated impact on the
labour force and on the economic costs. When possible, the attributable fraction and burden of
diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with water-related factors are to be included
in this topic.
Table 3.5.2.2
Statistics and related information for Topic 5.2.2
Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health
Subcomponent 5.2: Environmental Health
Topic 5.2.2: Water-related diseases and conditions
Statistics and related information
Category of
measurement
Potential aggregations
and scales
Methodological
guidance
(Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1 ; regular text—Tier 2;
italicized text—Tier 3)
a. Water-related diseases and conditions • By disease or condition
• National
• Subnational
• Urban
• Rural
• By gender
• By age group
• By time period
WHO
1. Incidence Number
2. Prevalence Number
3. Mortality Number
4. Loss of work days Number
5. Estimates of economic cost in monetary terms Currency
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)
86
Topic 5.2.3:
Vector-borne diseases
3.250. This topic includes vector-borne diseases that are transmitted by organisms (e.g.,
insects and arachnids) that carry viruses, bacteria, protozoa and other pathogens. Common
vector-borne diseases include, but are not limited to, malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and
Lyme disease. Some vector-borne diseases are directly affected by climate change, specifically
by the change in rain patterns and floods. This topic includes health statistics such as morbidity
(incidence and prevalence) and mortality of these diseases or conditions, as well as measures
of the associated impact on the labour force and on the economic costs. Where available, the
attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with
vector-borne environmental factors are to be included in this topic.
Table 3.5.2.3
Statistics and related information for Topic 5.2.3
Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health
Subcomponent 5.2: Environmental Health
Topic 5.2.3: Vector-borne diseases
Statistics and related information
Category of
measurement
Potential aggregations
and scales
Methodological
guidance
(Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2;
italicized text—Tier 3)
a.
Vector-borne diseases
•• By disease or condition
•• National
•• Subnational
•• Urban
•• Rural
•• By gender
•• By age group
•• By time period
WHO
- Incidence Number
- Prevalence Number
- Mortality Number
- Loss of work days Number
- Estimates of economic cost in monetary terms Currency Topic 5.2.4: Health problems associated with excessive UV radiation exposure 3.251. Although exposure to UV radiation in small amounts is beneficial for humans, pro longed exposure to such radiation can be harmful and may lead to negative health effects on the skin, eye and immune system. This topic includes statistics on the incidence and prevalence of melanoma and other skin cancers, and the incidence and prevalence of cataracts associated with excessive and prolonged UV radiation exposure. In addition, this topic includes statistics on loss of work days and economic costs in monetary terms. Where available, the attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with excessive UV radiation exposure is to be included in this topic. Table 3.5.2.4 Statistics and related information for Topic 5.2.4 Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health Subcomponent 5.2: Environmental Health Topic 5.2.4: Health problems associated with excessive UV radiation exposure Statistics and related information Category of measurement Potential aggregations and scales Methodological guidance (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text—Tier 3) a. Problems associated with excessive UV radiation exposure •• By disease or condition •• National •• Subnational •• Urban •• Rural •• By gender •• By age group •• By time period WHO
- Incidence Number
- Prevalence Number
- Loss of work days Number
- Estimates of economic cost in monetary terms Currency