en-1707151358-FDES_2013.pdf

61 Components of the FDES and the Basic Set of Environment Statistics 61 Topic 2.5.5:  Other non-cultivated biological resources 3.140. A range of naturally occurring biological resources provides inputs to the economy and forms an important part of biodiversity. They may include wild berries, fungi, bacteria, fruits, sap and other plant resources that are harvested (ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, class 0230), as well as wild animals that are trapped or killed for production, consumption and trade (ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, class 0170). This topic excludes timber and aquatic resources, as they are included in Topics 2.5.1 and 2.5.2, respectively. 3.141. Environmentally relevant statistics on this topic focus on the use and management of these resources as this can affect biodiversity. The conservation of key habitats and landscapes and the species within them is key to prevent further biodiversity loss. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) states that the trade of wild species needs to be managed at national and international levels to prevent over- exploitation.62 Trade that is detrimental to the survival of a species and does not allow the species to live in a consistent level in its ecosystem has to be managed and measured. This can involve measuring imports and exports of such species for trade, the number of wild animals killed or trapped for food or sale, permits issued to hunt and trap wild animals, and animal kills allowed by permits. 3.142. The main provider of data and the institutional partners for these statistics include the environmental, natural resources and wildlife authorities, and the government agency respon­ sible for hunting. Table 3.2.5.5 Statistics and related information for Topic 2.5.5 Component 2: Environmental Resources and their Use Subcomponent 2.5: Biological Resources Topic 2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources Statistics and related information Category of measurement Potential aggregations and scales Methodological guidance (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text— Tier 3) a. Permits for regulated hunting and trapping of wild animals •• By type of animal •• By species •• ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, Class 0170  

1. Number of permits issued per year Number  
2. Number of animal kills allowed by permits Number b. Imports of endangered species Currency, number •• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) c. Exports of endangered species Currency, number d. Reported wild animals killed or trapped for food or sale Number •• ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, Class 0170 e. Trade in wildlife and captive-bred species Description, mass, number •• By status category •• National •• Subnational •• CITES f. Non-wood forest products and other plants Mass, volume •• By type of product •• National •• Subnational •• ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, Class 0230 Subcomponent 2.6:  Water Resources 3.143. Management of water resources, in terms of quantities, distribution and quality, is one of the world’s most important priorities today. Policymakers need statistics on water resources, their abstraction, use and returns for many reasons, including to estimate the amount of avail­ able water resources; monitor abstraction from key water bodies to prevent overutilization; ensure equitable usage of abstracted water; and track the volume of water returned to the environment. 62 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2008). “Non-detriment findings”, available from https://cites.unia. es/cites/file.php/1/files/guide- CITES-NDFs-en.pdf (accessed
   4 August 2017).

Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 62 3.144. The IRWS 63 provides the definitions and groupings for the purposes of statistics on water resources and their use. Topic 2.6.1:  Water resources 3.145. Water resources consist of freshwater and brackish water, regardless of their quality, in inland water bodies, including surface water, groundwater and soil water. Inland water stocks are the volume of water contained in surface water and groundwater bodies and in the soil at a point in time. Water resources are also measured in terms of flows to and out of the inland water resources during a period of time. Surface water comprises all water that flows over or is stored on the ground’s surface, regardless of its salinity levels. Surface water includes water in artificial reservoirs, lakes, rivers and streams, snow, ice and glaciers. Groundwater comprises water that collects in porous layers of underground formations known as aquifers. A country’s renewable water resources are generated by precipitation and inflows of water from neighbour­ ing territories and reduced by evapotranspiration. 3.146. Statistics on water resources include the volume of water generated within the coun­ try or territory as the result of precipitation, the volume of water lost to evapotranspiration, the inflow of water from neighbouring territories, and the outflow of water to neighbouring territories or the sea. The statistics are sourced from hydrometeorological and hydrological monitoring, measurements and models. Statistics on the quality of water in water bodies are discussed under Topic 1.3.2: Freshwater quality and Topic 1.3.3: Marine water quality. 63 United Nations Statistics Division (2012). International Recommendations for Water Statistics, available from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ envaccounting/irws /irwswebversion.pdf (accessed 18 August 2017). Table 3.2.6.1 Statistics and related information for Topic 2.6.1 Component 2: Environmental Resources and their Use Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources Topic 2.6.1: Water resources Statistics and related information Category of measurement Potential aggregations and scales Methodological guidance (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text—Tier 3) a. Inflow of water to inland water resources   •• National •• Subnational •• By territory of origin and destination •• UNSD: IRWS •• UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Water Use (1989) •• UNSD: MDG Indicator 7.5 Metadata •• FAO AQUASTAT •• SEEA Central Framework (2012) asset accounts •• SEEA Water •• UNSD: Environment Statistics Section—Water Questionnaire  

1. Precipitation (also in 1.1.1.b) Volume  
2. Inflow from neighbouring territories Volume  
3. Inflow subject to treaties Volume b. Outflow of water from inland water resources  
4. Evapotranspiration Volume  
5. Outflow to neighbouring territories Volume  
6. Outflow subject to treaties Volume  
7. Outflow to the sea Volume c. Inland water stocks •• National •• Subnational  
8. Surface water stocks in artificial reservoirs Volume  
9. Surface water stocks in lakes Volume  
10. Surface water stocks in rivers and streams Volume  
11. Surface water stocks in wetlands Volume  
12. Surface water stocks in snow, ice and glaciers Volume  
13. Groundwater stocks Volume

63 Components of the FDES and the Basic Set of Environment Statistics 63 Topic 2.6.2:  Abstraction, use and returns of water 3.147. Abstraction, use and returns of water are the flows of water between the environment and the human subsystem and within the human subsystem. Water abstraction is the amount of water that is removed from any source, either permanently or temporarily, in a given period of time. Water is abstracted from surface water and groundwater resources by economic activi­ ties and households. It can be abstracted for own use or for distribution to other users. Statistics on water abstraction should be disaggregated according to the source of the water (surface or groundwater) and by abstractor (economic activity or households). Water abstraction usually refers to the off-stream use of water. The most important off-stream uses for which water is abstracted are (i) water supply to human settlements, (ii) water for agriculture, (iii) water for industries and (iv) water for cooling in thermoelectricity generation. 3.148. In-stream water use refers to the use of water without moving it from its source or to the use when water is immediately returned with little or no alteration. The most important in-stream water uses are (i) water for hydroelectricity generation, (ii) water for the operation of navigation locks and (iii) water for freshwater aquaculture. 3.149. Water managers also use the category of in situ water use. The most important in situ water use is ecological use, that is, water used as a habitat for living organisms. Human in situ water uses include navigation, fishing, recreation, tourism and waste loading (pollution dilution). 3.150. As with off-stream uses, all human in-stream and in situ water uses have significant effects with regard to the ecological use of the same water resources. In-stream and in situ activities are usually measured in terms of the intensity of the use. In-stream and in situ activi­ ties that use water are covered under Topic 2.5.2: Aquatic resources and their use; Topic 2.2.2: Production, trade and consumption of energy; Topic 3.2.3: Discharge of wastewater to the environment; and Topic 3.3.2: Management of waste. Statistics on water transport and recrea­ tion are not included in the FDES but can be used to indicate the pressures these activities place on water resources. 3.151. After abstraction and distribution, water is used in the economy in production and con­ sumption activities. Water can be recycled and reused several times before it is returned to the environment. Water use should be disaggregated according to economic activity and household use. Water use by tourists may also be captured to measure tourism’s environmental impact. The most significant water uses (e.g., irrigation in agriculture, hydropower generation and cooling) should be specified. Significant water loss may occur during transport, so these data should be captured here as well. Statistics on water use can be obtained from statistical surveys of primary users, household surveys and administrative records of the water supply industry. 3.152. A large part of the water used in economic activities and by households is returned to the environment after or without treatment. The volume of returned water should be disag­ gregated by recipient (e.g., surface water, groundwater, soil and sea). Statistics on the genera­ tion, treatment and pollutant content of wastewater are discussed under Subcomponent 3.2: Generation and Management of Wastewater. 3.153. All economic activities and households can abstract, use and return water to the envi­ ronment. The most important activities, in terms of the volume of water abstracted, are agri­ culture (irrigation and livestock), the generation of electricity (hydropower and cooling) and the water collection, treatment and supply industry (ISIC Rev. 4, Section E, Division 36), which includes the collection (abstraction), treatment and distribution of water for household and industrial needs. Collection of water from various sources, as well as distribution by vari­ ous means, is also included. Division 37 Sewerage accounts for a significant amount of water returned to the environment.

Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 64 Table 3.2.6.2 Statistics and related information for Topic 2.6.2 Component 2: Environmental Resources and their Use Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources Topic 2.6.2: Abstraction, use and returns of water Statistics and related information Category of measurement Potential aggregations and scales Methodological guidance (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text—Tier 3) a. Total water abstraction Volume •• By type of source •• National •• Subnational •• UNSD: IRWS •• UNECE Standard Statistical Classification of Water Use (1989) •• FAO AQUASTAT •• SEEA Central Framework (2012) •• SEEA Water •• UNSD: Environment Statistics Section— Water Questionnaire b. Water abstraction from surface water Volume c. Water abstraction from groundwater  

1. From renewable groundwater resources Volume  
2. From non-renewable groundwater resources Volume d. Water abstracted for own use Volume •• By ISIC economic activity •• National •• Subnational e. Water abstracted for distribution Volume f. Desalinated water Volume •• National •• Subnational g. Reused water Volume h. Water use Volume •• By ISIC economic activity •• By tourists •• National •• Subnational i. Rainwater collection Volume •• National •• Subnational j. Water abstraction from the sea Volume k. Losses during transport Volume •• By ISIC economic activity •• National •• Subnational l. Exports of water Volume •• National •• Subnational m. Imports of water Volume n. Returns of water Volume •• By ISIC economic activity •• By destination (e.g., inland water, land, sea, ocean) •• National •• Subnational 3.3. Component 3: Residuals 3.154. Component 3 is closely related to the physical flow accounts (flows from the economy to the environment) of the SEEA-CF on which the terms and definitions are based, where relevant.64 This component contains statistics on the amount and characteristics of residuals generated by human production and consumption processes, their management, and their final release to the environment. Residuals are flows of solid, liquid and gaseous materials, and energy, that are discarded, discharged or emitted by establishments and households through processes of production, consumption or accumulation. Residuals may be discarded, dis­ charged or emitted directly to the environment or be captured, collected, treated, recycled or reused. The FDES covers the main groups of residuals that are emissions of substances to air, water or soil, wastewater and waste, and the release of residuals from the application of chemi­ cal substances (dissipative uses of products in the SEEA-CF). 3.155. Emissions, wastewater, waste and residuals from the application of chemicals can have different impacts and effects on human and ecosystem health. They will be absorbed, or will persist and concentrate differently, based on their nature, scale and a combination of local environmental dynamics (e.g., wind, currents, as well as characteristics of land, air and water masses). The substances are sometimes released or disposed of with little or no treatment, but, increasingly, emissions are treated to reduce pollutants before they are released into the environment. These treatment and management processes, and their infrastructure, are also included in this component. 64 United Nations, European Union, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the World Bank (2014). System of Environmental- Economic Accounting 2012— Central Framework, available from http://unstats.un.org /unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev /SEEA_CF_Final_en.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017).