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The fact that gives the great-crested flycatcher a unique interest among all North American birds is that it invariably lines its nest with snake-skins if one can be had. Science would scarcely be worth the studying if it did not set our imaginations to work delving for plausible reasons for Nature’s strange doings. Most of us will doubtless agree with Wilson (who made a special study of these interesting nests and never found a single one without cast snake-skins in it, even in districts where snakes were so rare they were supposed not to exist at all), that the lining was chosen to terrorize all intruders. The scientific mind that is unwilling to dismiss any detail of Nature’s work as merely arbitrary and haphazard, is greatly exercised over the reason for the existence of crests on birds. But, surely, may not the sight of snake-skins that first greet the eyes of the fledgling flycatchers as they emerge from the shell be a good and sufficient reason why the feathers on their little heads should stand on end? “In the absence of a snake-skin, I have found an onion skin and shad scales in the nest,” says John Burroughs, who calls this bird “the wild Irishman of the flycatchers.”

Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus borealis Flycatcher family

Length—7 to 7. 5 inches. About an inch longer than the English sparrow. Male and Female—Dusky olive or grayish brown above; head darkest. Wings and tail blackish brown, the former sometimes, but not always, margined and tipped with dusky white. Throat yellowish white; other under parts slightly lighter shade than above. Olive-gray on sides. A tuft of yellowish-white, downy feathers on flanks. Bristles at base of bill. Range—From Labrador to Panama. Winters in the tropics.

Nests usually north of United States, but it also breeds in the Migrations—May.Catskills. September. Resident only in northern part of its range.

Only in the migrations may people south of Massachusetts hope to see this flycatcher, which can be distinguished from the rest of its kin by the darker under parts, and by the fluffy, yel-

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lowish-white tufts of feathers on its flanks. Its habits have the family characteristics: It takes its food on the wing, suddenly sallying forth from its perch, darting about midair to seize its prey, then as suddenly returning to its identical point of vantage, usually in some distended, dead limb in the tree-top; it is pugnacious, bold, and tyrannical; mopish and inert when not on the hunt, but wonderfully alert and swift when in pursuit of insect or feathered foe. The short necks of the flycatchers make their heads appear large for their bodies, a peculiarity slightly emphasized in this member of the family.

High up in some evergreen tree, well out on a branch, over which the shapeless mass of twigs and moss that serves as a nest is saddled, four or five buff-speckled eggs are laid, and by some special dispensation rarely fall out of their insecure cradle. A sharp, loud whistle, wbeu—o-wbeu-o-wheu-o rings out from the throat of this olive-sided tyrant, warning all intruders off the premises; but however harshly he may treat the rest of the feathered world, he has only gentle devotion to offer his brooding mate.

Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) Flycatcher family

Called also: CHEBEC Length—5 to 5.5 inches. About an inch smaller than the English sparrow. Male—Gray or olive-gray above, paler on wings and lower part of back, and a more distinct olive-green on head. Underneath grayish white, sometimes faintly suffused with pale yellow. Wings have whitish bars. White eye-ring. Lower half of bill horn-color. Female— Is slightly more yellowish underneath. Range—Eastern North America, from tropics northward to Quebec. Migrations—May. September. Common summer resident.

This, the smallest member of its family, takes the place of the more southerly Acadian flycatcher, throughout New England and the region of the Great Lakes. But, unlike his Southern relative, he prefers orchards and gardens close to our homes for his hunting grounds rather than the wet recesses of the forests. Che-bec, cbe-bec, the diminutive olive-pated gray sprite calls out

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from the orchard between his aerial sallies after the passing insects that have been attracted by the decaying fruit, and chebec is the name by which many New Englanders know him.

While giving this characteristic call-note, with drooping, jerking tail, trembling wings, and uplifted parti-colored bill, he looks unnerved and limp by the effort it has cost him. But in the next instant a gnat flies past. How quickly the bird recovers itself, and charges full-tilt at his passing dinner! The sharp click of his little bill proves that he has not missed his aim; and after careering about in the air another minute or two, looking for more game to snap up on the wing, he will return to the same perch and take up his familiar refrain. Without hearing this call-note one might often mistake the bird for either the wood pewee or the phoebe, for all the three are similarly clothed and have many traits in common. The slightly larger size of the phoebe and pewee is not always apparent when they are seen perching on the trees. Unlike the “tuft of hay” to which the Acadian flycatcher’s nest has been likened, the least flycatcher’s home is a neat, substantial cup-shaped cradle softly lined with down or horsehair, and placed generally in an upright crotch of a tree, well above the ground.

The Chickadee (Parus atricapillus) Titmouse family Called also: BLACK-CAPPED TITMOUSE; BLACK-CAP TIT Length— 5 to 5.5 inches. About an inch smaller than the English sparrow. Male and Female—Not crested. Crown and nape and throat black. Above gray, slightly tinged with brown. A white space, beginning at base of bill, extends backwards, widen-ing over cheeks and upper part of breast, forming a sort of collar that almost surrounds neck. Underneath dirty white, with pale rusty-brown wash on sides. Wings and tail gray, with white edgings. Plumage downy. Range—Eastern North America. North of the Carolinas to Lab- Migrations—Laterador. Does September.not migrate inMay.the North.Winter resident; permanent resident in northern parts of the United States.

No “fair weather friend ” is the jolly little chickadee. In the depth of the autumn equinoctial storm it returns to the tops of 76

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the trees close by the house, where, through the sunshine, snow, and tempest of the entire winter, you may hear its cheery, irrepressible cbickadee-dee-dee-dee or day-day-day as it swings around the dangling cones of the evergreens. It fairly overflows with good spirits, and is never more contagiously gay than in a snowstorm. So active, so friendly and cheering, what would the long northern winters be like without this lovable little neighbor? It serves a more utilitarian purpose, however, than bracing faint-hearted spirits. “ There is no bird that compares with it in destroying the female canker-worm moths and their eggs,” writes a well-known entomologist. He calculates that as a chickadee destroys about 5,500 eggs in one day, it will eat 138,750 eggs in the twenty-five days it takes the canker-worm moth to crawl up the trees. The moral that it pays to attract chickadees about your home by feeding them in winter is obvious. Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, in her delightful and helpful book “ Birdcraft,” tells us how she makes a sort of a bird-hash of finely minced raw meat, waste canary-seed, buckwheat, and cracked oats, which she scatters in a sheltered spot for all the winter birds. The rapid way in which this is consumed leaves no doubt of its universal popularity.

Friendly as the chickadee is—and Dr. Abbott declares it the tamest bird we have—it prefers well-timbered districts, especially where there are red-bud trees, when it is time to nest. It is very often clever enough to leave the labor of hollowing out a nest in the tree-trunk to the woodpecker or nuthatch, whose old homes it readily appropriates; or, when these birds object, a knot-hole or a hollow fence-rail answers every purpose. Here, in the summer woods, when family cares beset it, a plaintive, minor whistle replaces the cbickadee-dee-dee that Thoreau likens to “silver tinkling” as he heard it on a frosty morning.

“ Piped a tiny voice near by, Gay and polite, a cheerful cry Chick-chickadeedee! saucy note Out of sound heart and merry throat, As if it said, ‘ Good-day, good Sir Fine afternoon, old passenger Happy to meet you in these places Where January brings few faces.’ ”—Emerson.

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Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor) Titmouse family

Called also: CRESTED TITMOUSE; CRESTED TOMTIT Length—6 to 6.5 inches. About the size of the English sparrow. Male and Female—Crest high and pointed. Leaden or ash-gray above; darkest on wings and tail. Frontlet, bill, and shoulders black; space between eyes gray. Sides of head dull white. Under parts light gray; sides yellowish, tinged with Range—Unitedred. States east of plains, and only rarely seen so far north as New England. Migrations—October. April. Winter resident, but also found throughout the year in many States.

“A noisy titmouse is Jack Frost’s trumpeter” may be one of those few weather-wise proverbs with a grain of truth in them. As the chickadee comes from the woods with the frost, so it may be noticed his cousin, the crested titmouse, is in more noisy evidence throughout the winter.

One might sometimes think his whistle, like a tugboat’s, worked by steam. But how effectually nesting cares alone can silence it in April Titmice always see to it you are not lonely as you walk through the woods. This lordly tomtit, with his jaunty crest, keeps up a persistent whistle at you as he flits from tree to tree, leading you deeper into the forest, calling out ” Here-here-bere! ” and looking like a pert and jaunty little blue jay, minus his gay clothes. Mr. Nehrling translates one of the calls “ Heedle-dee-dle-dee-dle-dee! ” and another ” Peto-peto-peto-dayiee-daytee! ” But it is at the former, sharply whistled as the crested titmouse gives it, that every dog pricks up his ears.

Comparatively little has been written about this bird, because it is not often found in New England, where most of the bird litterateurs have lived. South of New York State, however, it is a common resident, and much respected for the good work it does in destroying injurious insects, though it is more fond of varying its diet with nuts, berries, and seeds than that all-round benefactor, the chickadee.

.DA

JAY.

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Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis Crow and Jay family Called also: WHISKY JACK OR JOHN; MOOSE-BIRD; MEAT-

BIRD; VENISON HERON; GREASE-BIRD; CANADIAN

CARRION-BIRD; CAMP ROBBER

Length— 1 1 to 12 inches. About two inches larger than the robin. Male and Female—Upper parts gray; darkest on wings and tail; back of the head and nape of the neck sooty, almost black.

Forehead, throat, and neck white, and a few white tips on wings and tail. Underneath lighter gray. Tail long. Plu- Range—Northernmage fluffy. parts of the United States and British provinces Migrations—Residentof North America.where found.

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