By Asif A. Siddiqi
China’s Yutu, or Jade Rabbit, was the small lunar rover carried by the Chang’e 3 mission, launched on December 1, 2013. Its purpose was to study the Moon’s terrain, geology, surface materials, and space environment, while also supporting astronomical observations. After landing, Yutu moved between s...
ViewLuna 3 adapted imaging to return 17 usable images, revealing roughly 70 percent of the Moon’s far side. Zond 6 adapted lunar-distance reentry, enduring 4–7 g of deceleration before parachute-triggering failure destroyed the capsule. Deep Space 1’s ion propulsion, thrust from accelerated ions, operat...
ViewOn 11 April 1991, Galileo suffered a serious communications failure: its high-gain antenna did not fully deploy. That antenna was meant to provide the primary high-rate link, and without it, controllers feared they could not transmit data from the upcoming encounter with asteroid 951 Gaspra. Galileo...
ViewVenera: From Survival to Surface Evidence Venus is not simply a difficult planet to land on. Its surface combines crushing pressure, extreme heat, and a carbon-dioxide-dominated atmosphere, so a successful mission must coordinate entry, descent, landing, thermal protection, instruments, power, commu...
ViewIon propulsion is built for a long, patient push. Instead of producing a large burst of thrust, an ion engine accelerates charged particles and gradually builds spacecraft velocity with high efficiency. Deep Space 1 turned that principle into an operational test. The mission soon faced a serious pro...
ViewLuna 3's 1959 far-side lunar photographs mattered because they first revealed the Moon's hidden hemisphere. Mariner 2's 34,854-kilometre Venus flyby completed the first fully successful interplanetary mission. Mariner 4's first close-up Mars photographs mattered: 21 complete images and a partial twe...
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